Fc variants with optimized Fc receptor binding properties

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to Fc variants with optimized Fc receptor binding properties, methods for their generation, Fc polypeptides comprising Fc variants with optimized Fc receptor binding properties, and methods for using Fc variants with optimized Fc receptor binding properties.

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.11/538,406, filed Oct. 3, 2006, which claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/741,966 filed Dec. 2,2005, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/779,961 filed Mar. 6, 2006,U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/745,078 filed Apr. 18, 2006, U.S.Provisional Application No. 60/723,294 filed Oct. 3, 2005, U.S.Provisional Application No. 60/723,335 filed Oct. 3, 2005, U.S.Provisional Application No. 60/739,696 filed Nov. 23, 2005, U.S.Provisional Application No. 60/750,699 filed Dec. 15, 2005, U.S.Provisional Application No. 60/774,358 filed Feb. 17, 2006; thisapplication is also a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 11/396,495 filed Mar. 31, 2006, each of which is incorporatedby reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to Fc variants with optimized Fc receptorbinding properties, engineering methods for their generation, and theirapplication, particularly for therapeutic purposes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Antibodies are immunological proteins that bind a specific antigen.Generally, antibodies are specific for targets, have the ability tomediate immune effector mechanisms, and have a long half-life in serum.Such properties make antibodies powerful therapeutics. Monoclonalantibodies are used therapeutically for the treatment of a variety ofconditions including cancer, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease.There are currently over ten antibody products on the market andhundreds in development.

Antibodies have found widespread application in oncology, particularlyfor targeting cellular antigens selectively expressed on tumor cellswith the goal of cell destruction. There are a number of mechanisms bywhich antibodies destroy tumor cells, including anti-proliferation viablockage of needed growth pathways, intracellular signaling leading toapoptosis, enhanced down regulation and/or turnover of receptors, CDC,ADCC, ADCP, and promotion of an adaptive immune response (Cragg et al.,1999, Curr Opin Immunol 11:541-547; Glennie et al., 2000, Immunol Today21:403-410, both hereby entirely incorporated by reference). Anti-tumorefficacy may be due to a combination of these mechanisms, and theirrelative importance in clinical therapy appears to be cancer dependent.Despite this arsenal of anti-tumor weapons, the potency of antibodies asanti-cancer agents is unsatisfactory, particularly given their highcost. Patient tumor response data show that monoclonal antibodiesprovide only a small improvement in therapeutic success over normalsingle-agent cytotoxic chemotherapeutics. For example, just half of allrelapsed low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients respond to theanti-CD20 antibody rituximab (McLaughlin et al., 1998, J Clin Oncol16:2825-2833, hereby entirely incorporated by reference). Of 166clinical patients, 6% showed a complete response and 42% showed apartial response, with median response duration of approximately 12months. Trastuzumab (Herceptin®, Genentech), an anti-HER2/neu antibodyfor treatment of metastatic breast cancer, has less efficacy. Theoverall response rate using trastuzumab for the 222 patients tested wasonly 15%, with 8 complete and 26 partial responses and a median responseduration and survival of 9 to 13 months (Cobleigh et al., 1999, J ClinOncol 17:2639-2648, hereby entirely incorporated by reference).Currently for anticancer therapy, any small improvement in mortalityrate defines success. Thus there is a significant need to enhance thecapacity of antibodies to destroy targeted cancer cells.

Because all FcγRs interact with the same binding site on Fc, and becauseof the high homology among the FcγRs, obtaining variants thatselectively increase or reduce FcγR affinity is a major challenge.Useful variants for selectively engaging activating versus inhibitoryFcγRs are not currently available. There is a need to make Fc variantsthat selectively increase or reduce FcγR affinity.

A challenge for development of Fc variants with optimized Fc receptorbinding properties is the difference between human and murine Fcreceptor biology. Fc variants are typically engineered for optimalbinding to human FcγRs. Yet experiments in animal models are importantfor ultimately developing a drug for clinical use in humans. Inparticular, mouse models available for a variety of diseases aretypically used to test properties such as efficacy, toxicity, andpharmacokinetics for a given drug candidate. There is a need for murineFc variants.

These and other needs are addressed by the present invention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the present invention is directed to an Fc variant of aparent Fc polypeptide comprising at least a first and a secondsubstitution. The first and second substitutions are each at a positionselected from group consisting of 234, 235, 236, 239, 267, 268, 293,295, 324, 327, 328, 330, and 332 according to the EU index. The Fcvariant exhibits an increase in affinity for one or more receptorsselected from the group consisting of FcγRI, FcγRIIa, and FcγRIIIa ascompared to the increase in a affinity of the Fc variant for the FcγRIIbreceptor. The increases in affinities are relative to the parentpolypeptide.

The present invention is further directed to methods of activating areceptor selected from the group consisting of FcγRI, FcγRIIa, andFcγRIIIa relative to the FcγRIIb receptor. A cell that includes theFcγRIIb receptor and one or more receptors selected from among FcγRI,FcγRIIa, and FcγRIIIa is contacted with an Fc variant described above.The method can be performed in vitro or in vivo.

In another aspect, the Fc variant exhibits an increase in affinity ofthe Fc variant for the FcγRIIb receptor as compared to the increase inaffinity for one or more activating receptors. Activating receptorsinclude FcγRI, FcγRIIa, and FcγRIIIa. Increased affinities are relativeto the parent polypeptide. The first and second substitutions each at aposition selected from group consisting of 234, 235, 236, 239, 267, 268,293, 295, 324, 327, 328, 330 and 332 according to the EU index.

The present invention is further directed to methods of activating theFcγRIIb receptor relative to a receptor selected from FcγRI, FcγRIIa,and FcγRIIIa. The method is accomplished by contacting cell thatincludes the FcγRIIb receptor and one or more receptors selected fromamong FcγRI, FcγRIIa, and FcγRIIIa with an Fc variant described above.The method can be performed in vitro or in vivo.

In another aspect, the Fc variant has a reduced level of fucosylationrelative to the parent Fc variant. In a variation, the Fc variantincludes a glycosylated Fc region in which about 80-100% of theglycosylated Fc polypeptide in the composition having a mature corecarbohydrate structure with no fucose.

The present invention also includes Fc variants of a parent mouse Fcpolypeptide. In certain aspects, the Fc variant includes a substitutionat a position selected from the group consisting of 236, 239, 268, 330,and 332. In further variations, the Fc variant includes a substitutionselected from among 236A, 239D, 268E, 330Y, and 332E.

The present invention provides isolated nucleic acids encoding the Fcvariants described herein. The present invention provides vectorscomprising the nucleic acids, optionally, operably linked to controlsequences. The present invention provides host cells containing thevectors, and methods for producing and optionally recovering the Fcvariants.

The present invention provides novel Fc polypeptides, includingantibodies, Fc fusions, isolated Fc, and Fc fragments, that comprise theFc variants disclosed herein. The novel Fc polypeptides may find use ina therapeutic product. In certain embodiments, the Fc polypeptides ofthe invention are antibodies.

The present invention provides compositions comprising Fc polypeptidesthat comprise the Fc variants described herein, and a physiologically orpharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.

The present invention contemplates therapeutic and diagnostic uses forFc polypeptides that comprise the Fc variants disclosed herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. FcγR-dependent effector functions and potentially relevant FcγRsfor select immune cell types that may be involved in antibody-targetedtumor therapy. The third column presents interactions that may regulateactivation or inhibition of the indicated cell type, with those that arethought to be particularly important highlighted in bold.

FIG. 2. Alignment of the amino acid sequences of the human IgGimmunoglobulins IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4. FIG. 2 a provides thesequences of the CH1 (Cγ1) and hinge domains (SEQ ID NOS: 21-24), andFIG. 2 b provides the sequences of the CH2 (Cγ2) (SEQ ID NOS: 25-28) andCH3 (Cγ3) (SEQ ID NOS: 29-32) domains. Positions are numbered accordingto the EU index of the IgG1 sequence, and differences between IgG1 andthe other immunoglobulins IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 are shown in gray.Allotypic polymorphisms exist at a number of positions, and thus slightdifferences between the presented sequences and sequences in the priorart may exist. The possible beginnings of the Fc region are labeled,defined herein as either EU position 226 or 230.

FIG. 3. Common haplotypes of the human gamma1 (FIG. 3 a) and gamma2(FIG. 3 b) chains.

FIG. 4. Sequence alignment of human FcγRs. Differences from FcγRIIb arehighlighted in gray, and positions at the Fc interface are indicatedwith an i. Numbering is shown according to both the 1IIS.pdb and1E4K.pdb structures (SEQ ID NOS: 33-38).

FIG. 5. Structure of the Fc/FcγR interface indicating differencesbetween the FcγRIIa and FcγRIIb structures, and proximal Fc residues.The structure is that of the 1E4K.pdb Fc/FcγRIIIb complex. FcγR isrepresented by black ribbon and Fc is represented as gray ribbon. FcγRpositions that differ between FcγRIIa and FcγRIIb are shown in gray, andproximal Fc residues to these FcγR residues are shown in black.

FIG. 6. Binding of select anti-CD20 Fc variants to human R131 FcγRIIa(FIG. 6 a) and FcγRIIb (FIG. 6 b) as measured by competitionAlphaScreen™ assay. In the presence of competitor antibody (Fc variantor WT) a characteristic inhibition curve is observed as a decrease inluminescence signal. The binding data were normalized to the maximum andminimum luminescence signal for each particular curve, provided by thebaselines at low and high antibody concentrations respectively. Thecurves represent the fits of the data to a one site competition modelusing nonlinear regression.

FIG. 7. Summary of FcγR binding properties of anti-CD20 Fc variants forbinding to human FcγRI, R131 FcγRIIa, H131 FcγRIIa, FcγRIIb, and V158FcγRIIIa. Shown are the IC50s obtained from the AlphaScreen, and theFold(IC50) relative to WT. Duplicate binding results, shown on separatelines, are provided for some variants.

FIG. 8. Binding of select anti-EGFR Fc variants to human FcγRI, R131 andH131 FcγRIIa, FcγRIIb, and V158 FcγRIIIa as measured by competitionAlphaScreen assay.

FIG. 9. Summary of FcγR binding properties of anti-EGFR Fc variants forbinding to human FcγRI, R131 FcγRIIa, H131 FcγRIIa, FcγRIIb, and V158FcγRIIIa. Shown are the IC50s obtained from the AlphaScreen, and theFold(IC50) relative to WT.

FIG. 10. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) (BIAcore) sensorgrams ofbinding of select anti-EpCAM Fc variants to human R131 FcγRIIa.

FIG. 11. Affinity data for binding of anti-EpCAM Fc variants to humanFcγRI, R131 and H131 FcγRIIa, FcγRIIb, V158 FcγRIIIa, and F158 FcγRIIIaas determined by SPR. Provided are the association (ka) and dissociation(kd) rate constants, the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD), theFold KD relative to WT, and the negative log of the KD (−log(KD)).

FIG. 12. Plot of the negative log of the KD for binding of selectanti-EpCAM Fc variants to human FcγRI, R131 FcγRIIa, H131 FcγRIIa,FcγRIIb, and V158 FcγRIIIa.

FIG. 11. Affinity data for binding of anti-EpCAM Fc variants to humanFcγRI, R131 and H131 FcγRIIa, FcγRIIb, V158 FcγRIIIa, and F158 FcγRIIIaas determined by SPR. Provided are the association (ka) and dissociation(kd) rate constants, the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD), theFold(KD) relative to the parent IgG (WT IgG1 or WT IgG(hybrid) andrelative to WT IgG1, and the negative log of the KD (−log(KD)).

FIG. 12. Plot of the negative log of the KD for binding of selectanti-EpCAM Fc variants to human FcγRI, R131 FcγRIIa, H131 FcγRIIa,FcγRIIb, and V158 FcγRIIIa.

FIG. 13. Affinity differences between activating and inhibitory FcγRsfor select anti-EpCAM Fc variants. FIG. 13 a shows the absolute affinitydifferences between the activating receptors and the inhibitory receptorFcγRIIb. The top graph shows the affinity differences between bothisoforms of FcγRIIa and FcγRIIb, represented mathematically as[−log(KD)FcγRIIa]−[−log(KD)FcγRIIb]. Black represents logarithmicaffinity difference between R131 FcγRIIa and FcγRIIb, and grayrepresents the logarithmic affinity difference between H131 FcγRIIa andFcγRIIb. The bottom graph shows the affinity differences between bothisoforms of FcγRIIIa and FcγRIIb, represented mathematically as[−log(KD)FcγRIIIa]−[−log(KD)FcγRIIb]. Black represents logarithmicaffinity difference between V158 FcγRIIIa and FcγRIIb, and grayrepresents the logarithmic affinity difference between F158 FcγRIIIa andFcγRIIb. FIG. 13 b provides the fold affinity improvement of eachvariant for FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIa relative to the fold affinityimprovement to FcγRIIb. Here RIIa represents R131FcγRIIa, HIIarepresents H131 FcγRIIa, VIIIa represents V158 FcγRIIIa, FIIIarepresents F158 FcγRIIIa, and IIb represents FcγRIIb. As an example, forthe R131 isoform of FcγRIIa this quantity is represented mathematicallyas Fold(KD)_(RIIa):Fold(KD)_(IIb) or Fold(KD)_(RIIa)/Fold(KD)_(IIb). Seethe Examples for a mathematical description of these quantities. FIG. 13c provides a plot of these data.

FIG. 16. Cell-based DC activation assay of anti-EpCAM Fc variants. FIG.16 a shows the quantitated receptor expression density onmonocyte-derived dendritic cells measured with antibodies against FcγRI(CD64), FcγRIIa and FcγRIIb (CD32), and FcγRIIIa (CD16) using flowcytometry. “Control” indicates no antibody was used and is a negativecontrol. The diagrams show the percentage of cells labeled withPE-conjugated antibody against the indicated FcγR. FIG. 16 b shows thedose-dependent TNFα release by dendritic cells in the presence of WT andFc variant antibodies and EpCAM⁺ LS180 target cells. The IgG1 negativecontrol binds RSV and not EpCAM, and thus does not bind to the targetcells.

FIG. 17. Binding of Fc variant antibodies comprising substitutions 298A,326A, 333A, and 334A to human V158 FcγRIIIa, F158 FcγRIIIa, and FcγRIIbas measured by competition AlphaScreen assay. FIG. 17 a shows the legendfor the data. Antibodies in FIG. 17 b comprise the variable region ofthe anti-CD52 antibody alemtuzumab (Hale et al., 1990, Tissue Antigens35:118-127; Hale, 1995, Immunotechnology 1:175-187), and antibodies inFIG. 17 c comprise the variable region of the anti-CD20 PRO70769(PCT/US2003/040426).

FIG. 18. Preferred positions and substitutions of the invention that maybe used to engineer Fc variants with selective FcγR affinity.

FIG. 19. Affinity data for binding of 293T-expressed (fucosylated) andLec 3-expressed (defucosylated) anti-EpCAM antibodies to human FcγRI,R131 and H131 FcγRIIa, FcγRIIIb, and V158 FcγRIIIa as determined by SPR.Provided are the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD), the Fold KDrelative to WT, and the negative log of the KD (−log(KD). n.d.=notdetermined.

FIG. 20. Plot of the negative log of the KD for binding of293T-expressed (fucosylated) and Lec13-expressed (defucosylated)anti-EpCAM antibodies to human FcγRI, R131 FcγRIIa, H131 FcγRIIa,FcγRIIb, and V158 FcγRIIIa. *=the data for binding of WT IgG1defucosylated to FcγRIIb was not determined due to insufficiency ofsample.

FIG. 21. Binding of select anti-CD30 Fc variants to human V158 FcγRIIIaas measured by competition AlphaScreen assay.

FIG. 22. Summary of V158 FcγRIIIa binding properties of anti-CD30 Fcvariants. Shown are the Fold-IC50s relative to WT as determined bycompetition AlphaScreen.

FIG. 23. Differences between human and mouse FcγR biology. FIG. 23 ashows the putative expression patterns of different FcγRs on variouseffector cell types. “yes” indicates that the receptor expressed on thatcell type. Inhibitory receptors in the human and mouse are shown ingray. FIG. 23 b shows the % identity between the human (h) and mouse (m)FcγR extracellular domains. Human receptors are shown in black and mousereceptors are shown in gray.

FIG. 24. Summary of human and mouse anti-EGFR antibodies constructed.For each variant are listed the variable region (Fv), constant lightchain (CL), and constant heavy chain (CH).

FIG. 25. Affinity data for binding of human and mouse anti-EGFR Fcvariant antibodies to mouse Fc receptors FcγRI, FcγRII (FcγRIIb),FcγRIII, and FcγRIV as determined by SPR. Provided are the equilibriumdissociation constant (KD), the Fold KD relative to WT, and the negativelog of the KD (−log(KD)) for each variant.

FIG. 26. Plot of the negative log of the KD for binding of human andmouse anti-EGFR Fc variant antibodies to mouse Fc receptors FcγRI,FcγRII (FcγRIIb), FcγRIII, and FcγRIV.

FIG. 27. Amino acid sequences of variable light (VL) and heavy (VH)chains used in the present invention, including PRO70769 (FIGS. 27 a and27 b), H4.40/L3.32 C225 (FIGS. 27 c and 27 d), H3.77/L3 17-1A (FIGS. 27e and 27 f), and H3.69_V2/L3.71 AC10 (FIGS. 27 g and 27 h) (SEQ ID NOS:1-8).

FIG. 28. Amino acid sequences of human constant light kappa (FIG. 28 a)and heavy (FIGS. 28 b-28 f) chains used in the present invention (SEQ IDNOS: 9-14).

FIG. 29. Amino acid sequences of mouse constant light kappa (FIG. 29 a)and heavy (FIGS. 29 b-29 f) chains of the present invention (SEQ ID NOS:15-20).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In order that the invention may be more completely understood, severaldefinitions are set forth below. Such definitions are meant to encompassgrammatical equivalents.

By “ADCC” or “antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity” as usedherein is meant the cell-mediated reaction wherein nonspecific cytotoxiccells that express FcγRs recognize bound antibody on a target cell andsubsequently cause lysis of the target cell.

By “ADCP” or antibody dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis as usedherein is meant the cell-mediated reaction wherein nonspecific cytotoxiccells that express FcγRs recognize bound antibody on a target cell andsubsequently cause phagocytosis of the target cell.

By “amino acid modification” herein is meant an amino acid substitution,insertion, and/or deletion in a polypeptide sequence. By “amino acidsubstitution” or “substitution” herein is meant the replacement of anamino acid at a particular position in a parent polypeptide sequencewith another amino acid. For example, the substitution L328R refers to avariant polypeptide, in this case an Fc variant, in which the leucine atposition 328 is replaced with arginine. By “amino acid insertion” or“insertion” as used herein is meant the addition of an amino acid at aparticular position in a parent polypeptide sequence. For example,insert G>235-236 designates an insertion of glycine between positions235 and 236. By “amino acid deletion” or “deletion” as used herein ismeant the removal of an amino acid at a particular position in a parentpolypeptide sequence. For example, G236-designates the deletion ofglycine at position 236. Amino acids of the invention may be furtherclassified as either isotypic or novel.

By “antibody” herein is meant a protein consisting of one or morepolypeptides substantially encoded by all or part of the recognizedimmunoglobulin genes. The recognized immunoglobulin genes, for examplein humans, include the kappa (κ), lambda (κ), and heavy chain geneticloci, which together comprise the myriad variable region genes, and theconstant region genes mu (ν), delta (δ), gamma (γ), sigma (σ), and alpha(α) which encode the IgM, IgD, IgG (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4), IgE,and IgA (IgA1 and IgA2) isotypes respectively. Antibody herein is meantto include full length antibodies and antibody fragments, and may referto a natural antibody from any organism, an engineered antibody, or anantibody generated recombinantly for experimental, therapeutic, or otherpurposes.

By “CDC” or “complement dependent cytotoxicity” as used herein is meantthe reaction wherein one or more complement protein components recognizebound antibody on a target cell and subsequently cause lysis of thetarget cell.

By “isotypic modification” as used herein is meant an amino acidmodification that converts one amino acid of one isotype to thecorresponding amino amino acid in a different, aligned isotype. Forexample, because IgG1 has a tyrosine and IgG2 a phenylalanine at EUposition 296, a F296Y substitution in IgG2 is considered an isotypicmodification.

By “novel modification” as used herein is meant an amino acidmodification that is not isotypic. For example, because none of the IgGshas a glutamic acid at position 332, the substitution I332E in IgG1,IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4 is considered a novel modification.

By “amino acid” and “amino acid identity” as used herein is meant one ofthe 20 naturally occurring amino acids or any non-natural analogues thatmay be present at a specific, defined position.

By “effector function” as used herein is meant a biochemical event thatresults from the interaction of an antibody Fc region with an Fcreceptor or ligand. Effector functions include FcγR-mediated effectorfunctions such as ADCC and ADCP, and complement-mediated effectorfunctions such as CDC.

By “effector cell” as used herein is meant a cell of the immune systemthat expresses one or more Fc receptors and mediates one or moreeffector functions. Effector cells include but are not limited tomonocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, eosinophils, mastcells, platelets, B cells, large granular lymphocytes, Langerhans'cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and γδ T cells, and may be from anyorganism including but not limited to humans, mice, rats, rabbits, andmonkeys.

By “Fab” or “Fab region” as used herein is meant the polypeptides thatcomprise the V_(H), CH1, V_(H), and C_(L) immunoglobulin domains. Fabmay refer to this region in isolation, or this region in the context ofa full length antibody or antibody fragment.

By “Fc” or “Fc region”, as used herein is meant the polypeptidecomprising the constant region of an antibody excluding the firstconstant region immunoglobulin domain. Thus Fc refers to the last twoconstant region immunoglobulin domains of IgA, IgD, and IgG, and thelast three constant region immunoglobulin domains of IgE and IgM, andthe flexible hinge N-terminal to these domains. For IgA and IgM, Fc mayinclude the J chain. For IgG, as illustrated in FIG. 1, Fc comprisesimmunoglobulin domains Cgamma2 and Cgamma3 (Cγ2 and Cγ3) and the hingebetween Cgamma1 (Cγ1) and Cgamma2 (Cγ2). Although the boundaries of theFc region may vary, the human IgG heavy chain Fc region is usuallydefined to comprise residues C226 or P230 to its carboxyl-terminus,wherein the numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat. Fc mayrefer to this region in isolation, or this region in the context of anFc polypeptide, as described below. By “Fc polypeptide” as used hereinis meant a polypeptide that comprises all or part of an Fc region. Fcpolypeptides include antibodies, Fc fusions, isolated Fcs, and Fcfragments.

By “Fc fusion” as used herein is meant a protein wherein one or morepolypeptides is operably linked to Fc. Fc fusion is herein meant to besynonymous with the terms “immunoadhesin”, “Ig fusion”, “Ig chimera”,and “receptor globulin” (sometimes with dashes) as used in the prior art(Chamow et al., 1996, Trends Biotechnol 14:52-60; Ashkenazi et at, 1997,Curr Opin Immunol 9:195-200, both hereby entirely incorporated byreference). An Fc fusion combines the Fc region of an immunoglobulinwith a fusion partner, which in general may be any protein, polypeptideor small molecule. The role of the non-Fc part of an Fc fusion, i.e.,the fusion partner, is to mediate target binding, and thus it isfunctionally analogous to the variable regions of an antibody. Virtuallyany protein or small molecule may be linked to Fc to generate an Fcfusion. Protein fusion partners may include, but are not limited to, thetarget-binding region of a receptor, an adhesion molecule, a ligand, anenzyme, a cytokine, a chemokine, or some other protein or proteindomain. Small molecule fusion partners may include any therapeutic agentthat directs the Fc fusion to a therapeutic target. Such targets may beany molecule, preferrably an extracellular receptor that is implicatedin disease.

By “Fc gamma receptor” or “FcγR” as used herein is meant any member ofthe family of proteins that bind the IgG antibody Fc region and aresubstantially encoded by the FcγR genes. In humans this family includesbut is not limited to FcγRI (CD64), including isoforms FcγRIa, FcγRIb,and FcγRIc; FcγRII (CD32), including isoforms FcγRIIa (includingallotypes H131 and R131), FcγRIIb (including FcγRIIb-1 and FcγRIIb-2),and FcγRIIc; and FcγRIII (CD16), including isoforms FcγRIIIa (includingallotypes V158 and F158) and FcγRIIb (including allotypes FcγRIIIb-NA1and FcγRIIIb-NA2) (Jefferis et al., 2002, Immunol Lett 82:57-65, herebyentirely incorporated by reference), as well as any undiscovered humanFcγRs or FcγR isoforms or allotypes. An FcγR may be from any organism,including but not limited to humans, mice, rats, rabbits, and monkeys.Mouse FcγRs include but are not limited to FcγRI (CD64), FcγRII (CD32),FcγRIII (CD16), and FcγRIII-2 (CD16-2), as well as any undiscoveredmouse FcγRs or FcγR isoforms or allotypes.

By “Fc receptor” or “Fc ligand” as used herein is meant a molecule,preferably a polypeptide, from any organism that binds to the Fc regionof an antibody to form an Fc/Fc ligand complex. Fc ligands include butare not limited to FcγRs, FcγRs, FcγRs, FcRn, C1q, C3, mannan bindinglectin, mannose receptor, staphylococcal protein A, streptococcalprotein G, and viral FcγR. Fc ligands also include Fc receptor homologs(FcRH), which are a family of Fc receptors that are homologous to theFcγRs (Davis et al., 2002, Immunological Reviews 190:123-136, herebyentirely incorporated by reference). Fc ligands may include undiscoveredmolecules that bind Fc.

By “full length antibody” as used herein is meant the structure thatconstitutes the natural biological form of an antibody, includingvariable and constant regions. For example, in most mammals, includinghumans and mice, the full length antibody of the IgG isotype is atetramer and consists of two identical pairs of two immunoglobulinchains, each pair having one light and one heavy chain, each light chaincomprising immunoglobulin domains V_(L) and C_(L), and each heavy chaincomprising immunoglobulin domains V_(H), Cγ1, Cγ2, and Cγ3. In somemammals, for example in camels and llamas, IgG antibodies may consist ofonly two heavy chains, each heavy chain comprising a variable domainattached to the Fc region.

By “IgG” as used herein is meant a polypeptide belonging to the class ofantibodies that are substantially encoded by a recognized immunoglobulingamma gene. In humans this IgG comprises the subclasses or isotypesIgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4. In mice IgG comprises IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b,IgG3.

By “immunoglobulin (Ig)” herein is meant a protein consisting of one ormore polypeptides substantially encoded by immunoglobulin genes.Immunoglobulins include but are not limited to antibodies.Immunoglobulins may have a number of structural forms, including but notlimited to full length antibodies, antibody fragments, and individualimmunoglobulin domains.

By “immunoglobulin (Ig) domain” as used herein is meant a region of animmunoglobulin that exists as a distinct structural entity asascertained by one skilled in the art of protein structure. Ig domainstypically have a characteristic β-sandwich folding topology. The knownIg domains in the IgG isotype of antibodies are V_(H), Cγ1, Cγ2, Cγ3,V_(L), and C_(L).

By “IgG” or “IgG immunoglobulin” as used herein is meant a polypeptidebelonging to the class of antibodies that are substantially encoded by arecognized immunoglobulin gamma gene. In humans this class comprises thesubclasses or isotypes IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4. By “isotype” as usedherein is meant any of the subclasses of immunoglobulins defined by thechemical and antigenic characteristics of their constant regions. Theknown human immunoglobulin isotypes are IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1,IgA2, IgM, IgD, and IgE.

By “parent polypeptide”, “parent protein”, “precursor polypeptide”, or“precursor protein” as used herein is meant an unmodified polypeptidethat is subsequently modified to generate a variant. The parentpolypeptide may be a naturally occurring polypeptide, or a variant orengineered version of a naturally occurring polypeptide. Parentpolypeptide may refer to the polypeptide itself, compositions thatcomprise the parent polypeptide, or the amino acid sequence that encodesit. Accordingly, by “parent Fc polypeptide” as used herein is meant anFc polypeptide that is modified to generate a variant, and by “parentantibody” as used herein is meant an antibody that is modified togenerate a variant antibody.

By “position” as used herein is meant a location in the sequence of aprotein. Positions may be numbered sequentially, or according to anestablished format, for example the EU index as in Kabat. For example,position 297 is a position in the human antibody IgG1.

By “polypeptide” or “protein” as used herein is meant at least twocovalently attached amino acids, which includes proteins, polypeptides,oligopeptides and peptides.

By “residue” as used herein is meant a position in a protein and itsassociated amino acid identity. For example, Asparagine 297 (alsoreferred to as Asn297, also referred to as N297) is a residue in thehuman antibody IgG1.

By “target antigen” as used herein is meant the molecule that is boundspecifically by the variable region of a given antibody. A targetantigen may be a protein, carbohydrate, lipid, or other chemicalcompound.

By “target cell” as used herein is meant a cell that expresses a targetantigen.

By “variable region” as used herein is meant the region of animmunoglobulin that comprises one or more Ig domains substantiallyencoded by any of the V_(κ), V_(λ), and/or V_(H) genes that make up thekappa, lambda, and heavy chain immunoglobulin genetic loci respectively.

By “variant polypeptide”, “polypeptide variant”, or “variant” as usedherein is meant a polypeptide sequence that differs from that of aparent polypeptide sequence by virtue of at least one amino acidmodification. The parent polypeptide may be a naturally occurring orwild-type (WT) polypeptide, or may be a modified version of a WTpolypeptide. Variant polypeptide may refer to the polypeptide itself acomposition comprising the polypeptide, or the amino sequence thatencodes it. Preferably, the variant polypeptide has at least one aminoacid modification compared to the parent polypeptide, e.g. from aboutone to about ten amino acid modifications, and preferably from about oneto about five amino acid modifications compared to the parent. Thevariant polypeptide sequence herein will preferably possess at leastabout 80% homology with a parent polypeptide sequence, and mostpreferably at least about 90% homology, more preferably at least about95% homology. Accordingly, by “Fc variant” or “variant Fc” as usedherein is meant an Fc sequence that differs from that of a parent Fcsequence by virtue of at least one amino acid modification. An Fcvariant may only encompass an Fc region, or may exist in the context ofan antibody, Fc fusion, isolated Fc, Fc fragment, or other polypeptidethat is substantially encoded by Fc. Fc variant may refer to the Fcpolypeptide itself, compositions comprising the Fc variant polypeptide,or the amino acid sequence that encodes it. By “Fc polypeptide variant”or “variant Fc polypeptide” as used herein is meant an Fc polypeptidethat differs from a parent Fc polypeptide by virtue of at least oneamino acid modification. By “protein variant” or “variant protein” asused herein is meant a protein that differs from a parent protein byvirtue of at least one amino acid modification. By “antibody variant” or“variant antibody” as used herein is meant an antibody that differs froma parent antibody by virtue of at least one amino acid modification. By“IgG variant” or “variant IgG” as used herein is meant an antibody thatdiffers from a parent IgG by virtue of at least one amino acidmodification. By “immunoglobulin variant” or “variant immunoglobluin” asused herein is meant an immunoglobulin sequence that differs from thatof a parent immunoglobulin sequence by virtue of at least one amino acidmodification.

By “wild type or WT” herein is meant an amino acid sequence or anucleotide sequence that is found in nature, including allelicvariations. A WT protein, polypeptide, antibody, immunoglobulin, IgG,etc. has an amino acid sequence or a nucleotide sequence that has notbeen intentionally modified.

Antibodies

Antibodies are immunological proteins that bind a specific antigen. Inmost mammals, including humans and mice, antibodies are constructed frompaired heavy and light polypeptide chains. The light and heavy chainvariable regions show significant sequence diversity between antibodies,and are responsible for binding the target antigen. Each chain is madeup of individual immunoglobulin (Ig) domains, and thus the generic termimmunoglobulin is used for such proteins.

Traditional antibody structural units typically comprise a tetramer.Each tetramer is typically composed of two identical pairs ofpolypeptide chains, each pair having one “light” (typically having amolecular weight of about 25 kDa) and one “heavy” chain (typicallyhaving a molecular weight of about 50-70 kDa). Human light chains areclassified as kappa and lambda light chains. Heavy chains are classifiedas mu, delta, gamma, alpha, or epsilon, and define the antibody'sisotype as IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, and IgE, respectively. IgG has severalsubclasses, including, but not limited to IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4.IgM has subclasses, including, but not limited to, IgM1 and IgM2. IgAhas several subclasses, including but not limited to IgA1 and IgA2.Thus, “isotype” as used herein is meant any of the subclasses ofimmunoglobulins defined by the chemical and antigenic characteristics oftheir constant regions. The known human immunoglobulin isotypes areIgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, IgA2, IgM1, IgM2, IgD, and IgE.

Each of the light and heavy chains are made up of two distinct regions,referred to as the variable and constant regions. The IgG heavy chain iscomposed of four immunoglobulin domains linked from N- to C-terminus inthe order V_(H)—CH1-CH2-CH3, referring to the heavy chain variabledomain, heavy chain constant domain 1, heavy chain constant domain 2,and heavy chain constant domain 3 respectively (also referred to asV_(H)—Cγ1-Cγ2-Cγ3, referring to the heavy chain variable domain,constant gamma 1 domain, constant gamma 2 domain, and constant gamma 3domain respectively). The IgG light chain is composed of twoimmunoglobulin domains linked from N- to C-terminus in the orderV_(L)-C_(L), referring to the light chain variable domain and the lightchain constant domain respectively. The constant regions show lesssequence diversity, and are responsible for binding a number of naturalproteins to elicit important biochemical events. The distinguishingfeatures between these antibody classes are their constant regions,although subtler differences may exist in the V region.

The variable region of an antibody contains the antigen bindingdeterminants of the molecule, and thus determines the specificity of anantibody for its target antigen. The variable region is so named becauseit is the most distinct in sequence from other antibodies within thesame class. The amino-terminal portion of each chain includes a variableregion of about 100 to 110 or more amino acids primarily responsible forantigen recognition. In the variable region, three loops are gatheredfor each of the V domains of the heavy chain and light chain to form anantigen-binding site. Each of the loops is referred to as acomplementarity-determining region (hereinafter referred to as a “CDR”),in which the variation in the amino acid sequence is most significant.There are 6 CDRs total, three each per heavy and light chain, designatedV_(H) CDR1, V_(H) CDR2, V_(H) CDR3, V_(L) CDR1, V_(L) CDR2, and V_(L)CDR3. The variable region outside of the CDRs is referred to as theframework (FR) region. Although not as diverse as the CDRs, sequencevariability does occur in the FR region between different antibodies.Overall, this characteristic architecture of antibodies provides astable scaffold (the FR region) upon which substantial antigen bindingdiversity (the CDRs) can be explored by the immune system to obtainspecificity for a broad array of antigens. A number of high-resolutionstructures are available for a variety of variable region fragments fromdifferent organisms, some unbound and some in complex with antigen.Sequence and structural features of antibody variable regions aredisclosed, for example, in Morea et al., 1997, Biophys Chem 68:9-16;Morea et al., 2000, Methods 20:267-279, hereby entirely incorporated byreference, and the conserved features of antibodies are disclosed, forexample, in Maynard et al., 2000, Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2:339-376, herebyentirely incorporated by reference.

The carboxy-terminal portion of each chain defines a constant regionprimarily responsible for effector function. Kabat et al. collectednumerous primary sequences of the variable regions of heavy chains andlight chains. Based on the degree of conservation of the sequences, theyclassified individual primary sequences into the CDR and the frameworkand made a list thereof (see SEQUENCES OF IMMUNOLOGICAL INTEREST, 5thedition, NIH publication, No. 91-3242, E. A. Kabat et al.).

In the IgG subclass of immunoglobulins, there are several immunoglobulindomains in the heavy chain. By “immunoglobulin (Ig) domain” herein ismeant a region of an immunoglobulin having a distinct tertiarystructure. Of interest in the present invention are the heavy chaindomains, including, the constant heavy (CH) domains and the hingedomains. In the context of IgG antibodies, the IgG isotypes each havethree CH regions. Accordingly, “CH” domains in the context of IgG are asfollows: “CH1” refers to positions 118-220 according to the EU index asin Kabat, “CH2” refers to positions 237-340 according to the EU index asin Kabat, and “CH3” refers to positions 341-447 according to the EUindex as in Kabat.

Another type of Ig domain of the heavy chain is the hinge region. By“hinge” or “hinge region” or “antibody hinge region” or “immunoglobulinhinge region” herein is meant the flexible polypeptide comprising theamino acids between the first and second constant domains of anantibody. Structurally, the IgG CH1 domain ends at EU position 220, andthe IgG CH2 domain begins at residue EU position 237. Thus for IgG theantibody hinge is herein defined to include positions 221 (D221 in IgG1)to 236 (G236 in IgG1), wherein the numbering is according to the EUindex as in Kabat. In some embodiments, for example in the context of anFc region, the lower hinge is included, with the “lower hinge” generallyreferring to positions 226 or 230.

Fc Variants

Of particular interest in the present invention are the Fc regions. By“Fc” or “Fc region”, as used herein is meant the polypeptide comprisingthe constant region of an antibody excluding the first constant regionimmunoglobulin domain and in some cases, part of the hinge. Thus Fcrefers to the last two constant region immunoglobulin domains of IgA,IgD, and IgG, and the last three constant region immunoglobulin domainsof IgE and IgM, and the flexible hinge N-terminal to these domains. ForIgA and IgM, Fc may include the J chain. For IgG, Fc comprisesimmunoglobulin domains Cgamma2 and Cgamma3 (Cγ2 and Cγ3) and the lowerhinge region between Cgamma1 (Cγ1) and Cgamma2 (Cγ2). Although theboundaries of the Fc region may vary, the human IgG heavy chain Fcregion is usually defined to include residues C226 or P230 to itscarboxyl-terminus, wherein the numbering is according to the EU index asin Kabat. Fc may refer to this region in isolation, or this region inthe context of an Fc polypeptide, as described below. By “Fcpolypeptide” as used herein is meant a polypeptide that comprises all orpart of an Fc region. Fc polypeptides include antibodies, Fc fusions,isolated Fcs, and Fc fragments.

An Fc variant comprises one or more amino acid modifications relative toa parent Fc polypeptide, wherein the amino acid modification(s) provideone or more optimized properties. An Fc variant of the present inventiondiffers in amino acid sequence from its parent IgG by virtue of at leastone amino acid modification. Thus Fc variants of the present inventionhave at least one amino acid modification compared to the parent.Alternatively, the Fc variants of the present invention may have morethan one amino acid modification as compared to the parent, for examplefrom about one to fifty amino acid modifications, preferrably from aboutone to ten amino acid modifications, and most preferably from about oneto about five amino acid modifications compared to the parent. Thus thesequences of the Fc variants and those of the parent Fc polypeptide aresubstantially homologous. For example, the variant Fc variant sequencesherein will possess about 80% homology with the parent Fc variantsequence, preferably at least about 90% homology, and most preferably atleast about 95% homology. Modifications may be made genetically usingmolecular biology, or may be made enzymatically or chemically.

The Fc variants of the present invention may be substantially encoded byimmunoglobulin genes belonging to any of the antibody classes. Incertain embodiments, the Fc variants of the present invention find usein antibodies or Fc fusions that comprise sequences belonging to the IgGclass of antibodies, including IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4. FIG. 2provides an alignment of these human IgG sequences. In an alternateembodiment the Fc variants of the present invention find use inantibodies or Fc fusions that comprise sequences belonging to the IgA(including subclasses IgA1 and IgA2), IgD, IgE, IgG, or IgM classes ofantibodies. The Fc variants of the present invention may comprise morethan one protein chain. That is, the present invention may find use inan antibody or Fc fusion that is a monomer or an oligomer, including ahomo- or hetero-oligomer.

In certain embodiments, the Fc variants of the invention are based onhuman IgG sequences, and thus human IgG sequences are used as the “base”sequences against which other sequences are compared, including but notlimited to sequences from other organisms, for example rodent andprimate sequences. Fc variants may also comprise sequences from otherimmunoglobulin classes such as IgA, IgE, IgGD, IgGM, and the like. It iscontemplated that, although the Fc variants of the present invention areengineered in the context of one parent IgG, the variants may beengineered in or “transferred” to the context of another, second parentIgG. This is done by determining the “equivalent” or “corresponding”residues and substitutions between the first and second IgG, typicallybased on sequence or structural homology between the sequences of thefirst and second IgGs. In order to establish homology, the amino acidsequence of a first IgG outlined herein is directly compared to thesequence of a second IgG. After aligning the sequences, using one ormore of the homology alignment programs known in the art (for exampleusing conserved residues as between species), allowing for necessaryinsertions and deletions in order to maintain alignment (i.e., avoidingthe elimination of conserved residues through arbitrary deletion andinsertion), the residues equivalent to particular amino acids in theprimary sequence of the first Fc variant are defined. Alignment ofconserved residues preferably should conserve 100% of such residues.However, alignment of greater than 75% or as little as 50% of conservedresidues is also adequate to define equivalent residues. Equivalentresidues may also be defined by determining structural homology betweena first and second IgG that is at the level of tertiary structure forIgGs whose structures have been determined. In this case, equivalentresidues are defined as those for which the atomic coordinates of two ormore of the main chain atoms of a particular amino acid residue of theparent or precursor (N on N, CA on CA, C on C and O on O) are withinabout 0.13 nm and preferably about 0.1 nm after alignment. Alignment isachieved after the best model has been oriented and positioned to givethe maximum overlap of atomic coordinates of non-hydrogen protein atomsof the proteins. Regardless of how equivalent or corresponding residuesare determined, and regardless of the identity of the parent IgG inwhich the IgGs are made, what is meant to be conveyed is that the Fcvariants discovered by the present invention may be engineered into anysecond parent IgG that has significant sequence or structural homologywith the Fc variant. Thus for example, if a variant antibody isgenerated wherein the parent antibody is human IgG1, by using themethods described above or other methods for determining equivalentresidues, the variant antibody may be engineered in another IgG1 parentantibody that binds a different antigen, a human IgG2 parent antibody, ahuman IgA parent antibody, a mouse IgG2a or IgG2b parent antibody, andthe like. Again, as described above, the context of the parent Fcvariant does not affect the ability to transfer the Fc variants of thepresent invention to other parent IgGs.

The Fc variants of the present invention are defined according to theamino acid modifications that compose them. Thus, for example, I332E isan Fc variant with the substitution I332E relative to the parent Fcpolypeptide. Likewise, S239D/1332E/G236A defines an Fc variant with thesubstitutions S239D/I332E, and G236A relative to the parent Fcpolypeptide. The identity of the WT amino acid may be unspecified, inwhich case the aforementioned variant is referred to as 239D/332E/236A.It is noted that the order in which substitutions are provided isarbitrary, that is to say that, for example, S239D/I332E/G236A is thesame Fc variant as G236A/S239D/I332E, and so on. For all positionsdiscussed in the present invention, numbering is according to the EUindex or EU numbering scheme (Kabat et al., 1991, Sequences of Proteinsof Immunological Interest, 5th Ed., United States Public Health Service,National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, hereby entirely incorporated byreference). The EU index or EU index as in Kabat or EU numbering schemerefers to the numbering of the EU antibody (Edelman et al., 1969, ProcNatl Acad Sci USA 63:78-85, hereby entirely incorporated by reference).

The Fc region of an antibody interacts with a number of Fc receptors andligands, imparting an array of important functional capabilitiesreferred to as effector functions. For IgG the Fc region, Fc comprisesIg domains Cγ2 and Cγ3 and the N-terminal hinge leading into Cγ2. Animportant family of Fc receptors for the IgG class are the Fc gammareceptors (FcγRs). These receptors mediate communication betweenantibodies and the cellular arm of the immune system (Raghavan et al.,1996, Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 12:181-220; Ravetch et al., 2001, Annu RevImmunol 19:275-290, both hereby entirely incorporated by reference). Inhumans this protein family includes FcγRI (CD64), including isoformsFcγRIa, FcγRIb, and FcγRIc; FcγRII (CD32), including isoforms FcγRIIa(including allotypes H131 and R131), FcγRIIb (including FcγRIIb-1 andFcγRIIb-2), and FcγRIIc; and FcγRIII (CD16), including isoforms FcγRIIIa(including allotypes V158 and F158) and FcγRIIIb (including allotypesFcγRIIIb-NA1 and FcγRIIIb-NA2) (Jefferis et al., 2002, Immunol Lett82:57-65, hereby entirely incorporated by reference). These receptorstypically have an extracellular domain that mediates binding to Fc, amembrane spanning region, and an intracellular domain that may mediatesome signaling event within the cell. These receptors are expressed in avariety of immune cells including monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils,dendritic cells, eosinophils, mast cells, platelets, B cells, largegranular lymphocytes, Langerhans' cells, natural killer (NK) cells, andγγ T cells. Formation of the Fc/FcγR complex recruits these effectorcells to sites of bound antigen, typically resulting in signaling eventswithin the cells and important subsequent immune responses such asrelease of inflammation mediators, B cell activation, endocytosis,phagocytosis, and cytotoxic attack. The ability to mediate cytotoxic andphagocytic effector functions is a potential mechanism by whichantibodies destroy targeted cells. The cell-mediated reaction whereinnonspecific cytotoxic cells that express FcγRs recognize bound antibodyon a target cell and subsequently cause lysis of the target cell isreferred to as antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)(Raghavan et al., 1996, Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 12:181-220; Ghetie etal., 2000, Annu Rev Immunol 18:739-766; Ravetch et al., 2001, Annu RevImmunol 19:275-290, both hereby entirely incorporated by reference). Thecell-mediated reaction wherein nonspecific cytotoxic cells that expressFcγRs recognize bound antibody on a target cell and subsequently causephagocytosis of the target cell is referred to as antibody dependentcell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP).

The different IgG subclasses have different affinities for the FcγRs,with IgG1 and IgG3 typically binding substantially better to thereceptors than IgG2 and IgG4 (Jefferis et al., 2002, Immunol Lett82:57-65, hereby entirely incorporated by reference). The FcγRs bind theIgG Fc region with different affinities: the high affinity binder FcγRIhas a Kd for IgG1 of 10⁻⁸ M⁻¹, whereas the low affinity receptors FcγRIIand FcγRIII generally bind at 10⁻⁶ and 10⁻⁵ respectively. Theextracellular domains of FcγRIIIa and FcγRIIIb are 96% identical,however FcγRIIIb does not have a intracellular signaling domain.Furthermore, whereas FcγRI, FcγRIIa/c, and FcγRIIIa are positiveregulators of immune complex-triggered activation, characterized byhaving an intracellular domain that has an immunoreceptor tyrosine-basedactivation motif (ITAM), FcγRIIb has an immunoreceptor tyrosine-basedinhibition motif (ITIM) and is therefore inhibitory. Thus the former arereferred to as activation receptors, and FcγRIIb is referred to as aninhibitory receptor. Despite these differences in affinities andactivities, all FcγRs bind the same region on Fc, at the N-terminal endof the Cγ2 domain and the preceding hinge. This interaction is wellcharacterized structurally (Sondermann et al., 2001, J Mol Biol309:737-749, hereby entirely incorporated by reference), and severalstructures of the human Fc bound to the extracellular domain of humanFcγRIIIb have been solved (pdb accession code 1E4K) (Sondermann et al.,2000, Nature 406:267-273, hereby entirely incorporated by reference)(pdb accession codes 1IIS and 1IIX) (Radaev et al. 2001, J Biol Chem276:16469-16477, hereby entirely incorporated by reference).

An overlapping but separate site on Fc serves as the interface for thecomplement protein C1q. In the same way that Fc/FcγR binding mediatesADCC, Fc/C1q binding mediates complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Asite on Fc between the Cγ2 and Cγ3 domains mediates interaction with theneonatal receptor FcRn, the binding of which recycles endocytosedantibody from the endosome back to the bloodstream (Raghavan et al.,1996, Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 12:181-220; Ghetie et al., 2000, Annu RevImmunol 18:739-766, both hereby entirely incorporated by reference).This process, coupled with preclusion of kidney filtration due to thelarge size of the full length molecule, results in favorable antibodyserum half-lives ranging from one to three weeks. Binding of Fc to FcRnalso plays a key role in antibody transport. The binding site for FcRnon Fc is also the site at which the bacterial proteins A and G bind. Thetight binding by these proteins is typically exploited as a means topurify antibodies by employing protein A or protein G affinitychromatography during protein purification. The fidelity of theseregions, the complement and FcRn/protein A binding regions are importantfor both the clinical properties of antibodies and their development.

A key feature of the Fc region is the conserved N-linked glycosylationthat occurs at N297. This carbohydrate, or oligosaccharide as it issometimes referred, plays a critical structural and functional role forthe antibody, and is one of the principle reasons that antibodies mustbe produced using mammalian expression systems. Efficient Fc binding toFcγR and C1q requires this modification, and alterations in thecomposition of the N297 carbohydrate or its elimination affect bindingto these proteins (Umaña et al., 1999, Nat Biotechnol 17:176-180; Davieset al., 2001, Biotechnol Bioeng 74:288-294; Mimura et al., 2001, J BiolChem 276:45539-45547; Radaev et al., 2001, J Biol Chem 276:16478-16483;Shields et al., 2001, J Biol Chem 276:6591-6604; Shields et al., 2002, JBiol Chem 277:26733-26740; Simmons et al., 2002, J Immunol Methods263:133-147, all hereby entirely incorporated by reference).

Fc variants of the present invention may be substantially encoded bygenes from any organism, preferably mammals, including but not limitedto humans, rodents including but not limited to mice and rats,lagomorpha including but not limited to rabbits and hares, camelidaeincluding but not limited to camels, llamas, and dromedaries, andnon-human primates, including but not limited to Prosimians, Platyrrhini(New World monkeys), Cercopithecoidea (Old World monkeys), andHominoidea including the Gibbons and Lesser and Great Apes. In a certainembodiments, the Fc variants of the present invention are substantiallyhuman.

As is well known in the art, immunoglobulin polymorphisms exist in thehuman population. Gm polymorphism is determined by the IGHG1, IGHG2 andIGHG3 genes which have alleles encoding allotypic antigenic determinantsreferred to as G1m, G2m, and G3m allotypes for markers of the humanIgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 molecules (no Gm allotypes have been found on thegamma 4 chain). Markers may be classified into ‘allotypes’ and‘isoallotypes’. These are distinguished on different serological basesdependent upon the strong sequence homologies between isotypes.Allotypes are antigenic determinants specified by allelic forms of theIg genes. Allotypes represent slight differences in the amino acidsequences of heavy or light chains of different individuals. Even asingle amino acid difference can give rise to an allotypic determinant,although in many cases there are several amino acid substitutions thathave occurred. Allotypes are sequence differences between alleles of asubclass whereby the antisera recognize only the allelic differences. Anisoallotype is an allele in one isotype which produces an epitope whichis shared with a non-polymorphic homologous region of one or more otherisotypes and because of this the antisera will react with both therelevant allotypes and the relevant homologous isotypes (Clark, 1997,IgG effector mechanisms, Chem. Immunol. 65:88-110; Gorman & Clark, 1990,Semin Immunol 2(6):457-66, both hereby entirely incorporated byreference).

Allelic forms of human immunoglobulins have been well-characterized (WHOReview of the notation for the allotypic and related markers of humanimmunoglobulins. J Immunogen 1976, 3: 357-362; WHO Review of thenotation for the allotypic and related markers of human immunoglobulins.1976, Eur. J. Immunol. 6, 599-601; Loghem E van, 1986, Allotypicmarkers, Monogr Allergy 19: 40-51, all hereby entirely incorporated byreference). Additionally, other polymorphisms have been characterized(Kim et al., 2001, J. Mol. Evol. 54:1-9, hereby entirely incorporated byreference). At present, 18 Gm allotypes are known: G1m (1, 2, 3, 17) orG1m (a, x, f, z), G2m (23) or G2m (n), G3m (5, 6, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15,16, 21, 24, 26, 27, 28) or G3m (b1, c3, b5, b0, b3, b4, s, t, g1, c5, u,v, g5) (Lefranc, et al., The human IgG subclasses: molecular analysis ofstructure, function and regulation. Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 43-78 (1990);Lefranc, G. et al., 1979, Hum. Genet.: 50, 199-211, both hereby entirelyincorporated by reference). Allotypes that are inherited in fixedcombinations are called Gm haplotypes. FIG. 3 shows common haplotypes ofthe gamma chain of human IgG1 (FIG. 3 a) and IgG2 (FIG. 3 b) showing thepositions and the relevant amino acid substitutions. The Fc variants ofthe present invention may be substantially encoded by any allotype,isoallotype, or haplotype of any immunoglobulin gene.

Alternatively, the antibodies can be a variety of structures, including,but not limited to, antibody fragments, monoclonal antibodies,bispecific antibodies, minibodies, domain antibodies, syntheticantibodies (sometimes referred to herein as “antibody mimetics”),chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, antibody fusions (sometimesreferred to as “antibody conjugates”), and fragments of each,respectively.

Antibody Fragments, Bispecific Antibodies, and Other ImmunoglobulinFormats

In one embodiment, the antibody is an antibody fragment. Of particularinterest are antibodies that comprise Fc regions, Fc fusions, and theconstant region of the heavy chain (CH1-hinge-CH2-CH3), again alsoincluding constant heavy region fusions.

Specific antibody fragments include, but are not limited to, (i) the Fabfragment consisting of VL, VH, CL and CH1 domains, (ii) the Fd fragmentconsisting of the VH and CH1 domains, (iii) the Fv fragment consistingof the VL and VH domains of a single antibody; (iv) the dAb fragment(Ward et al., 1989, Nature 341:544-546) which consists of a singlevariable, (v) isolated CDR regions, (vi) F(ab′)2 fragments, a bivalentfragment comprising two linked Fab fragments (vii) single chain Fvmolecules (scFv), wherein a VH domain and a VL domain are linked by apeptide linker which allows the two domains to associate to form anantigen binding site (Bird et al., 1988, Science 242:423-426, Huston etal., 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85:5879-5883), (viii)bispecific single chain Fv dimers (PCT/US92/09965) and (ix) “diabodies”or “triabodies” multivalent or multispecific fragments constructed bygene fusion (Tomlinson et. al., 2000, Methods Enzymol. 326:461-479;WO94/13804; Holliger et al., 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.90:6444-6448). The antibody fragments may be modified. For example, themolecules may be stabilized by the incorporation of disulphide bridgeslinking the VH and VL domains (Reiter et al., 1996, Nature Biotech.14:1239-1245).

In one embodiment, the antibodies of the invention multispecificantibody, and notably a bispecific antibody, also sometimes referred toas “diabodies”. These are antibodies that bind to two (or more)different antigens. Diabodies can be manufactured in a variety of waysknown in the art (Holliger and Winter, 1993, Current Opinion Biotechnol.4:446-449) e.g., prepared chemically or from hybrid hybridomas. In oneembodiment, the antibody is a minibody. Minibodies are minimizedantibody-like proteins comprising a scFv joined to a CH3 domain. Hu etal., 1996, Cancer Res. 56:3055-3061. In some cases, the scFv can bejoined to the Fc region, and may include some or all of the hingeregion.

Chimeric, Humanized, and Fully Human Antibodies

In some embodiments, the scaffold components can be a mixture fromdifferent species. As such, if the antibody is an antibody, suchantibody may be a chimeric antibody and/or a humanized antibody. Ingeneral, both “chimeric antibodies” and “humanized antibodies” refer toantibodies that combine regions from more than one species. For example,“chimeric antibodies” traditionally comprise variable region(s) from amouse (or rat, in some cases) and the constant region(s) from a human.“Humanized antibodies” generally refer to non-human antibodies that havehad the variable-domain framework regions swapped for sequences found inhuman antibodies. Generally, in a humanized antibody, the entireantibody, except the CDRs, is encoded by a polynucleotide of humanorigin or is identical to such an antibody except within its CDRs. TheCDRs, some or all of which are encoded by nucleic acids originating in anon-human organism, are grafted into the beta-sheet framework of a humanantibody variable region to create an antibody, the specificity of whichis determined by the engrafted CDRs. The creation of such antibodies isdescribed in, e.g., WO 92/11018, Jones, 1986, Nature 321:522-525Verhoeyen et al., 1988, Science 239:1534-1536. “Backmutation” ofselected acceptor framework residues to the corresponding donor residuesis often required to regain affinity that is lost in the initial graftedconstruct (U.S. Pat. No. 5,530,101; U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,089; U.S. Pat.No. 5,693,761; U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,762; U.S. Pat. No. 6,180,370; U.S.Pat. No. 5,859,205; U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,337; U.S. Pat. No. 6,054,297;U.S. Pat. No. 6,407,213). The humanized antibody optimally also willcomprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region,typically that of a human immunoglobulin, and thus will typicallycomprise a human Fc region. Humanized antibodies can also be generatedusing mice with a genetically engineered immune system. Roque et al.2004, Biotechnol. Prog. 20:639-654. A variety of techniques and methodsfor humanizing and reshaping non-human antibodies are well known in theart (See Tsurushita & Vasquez, 2004, Humanization of MonoclonalAntibodies, Molecular Biology of B Cells, 533-545, Elsevier Science(USA), and references cited therein). Humanization methods include butare not limited to methods described in Jones et al., 1986, Nature321:522-525; Riechmann et al., 1988; Nature 332:323-329; Verhoeyen etal., 1988, Science, 239:1534-1536; Queen et al., 1989, Proc Natl AcadSci, USA 86:10029-33; He et al., 1998, J. Immunol. 160: 1029-1035,Carter et al., 1992, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:4285-9, Presta et al.,1997, Cancer Res. 57(20):4593-9; Gorman et al., 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA 88:4181-4185; O'Connor et al., 1998, Protein Eng 11:321-8.Humanization or other methods of reducing the immunogenicity of nonhumanantibody variable regions may include resurfacing methods, as describedfor example in Roguska et al., 1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA91:969-973. In one embodiment, the parent antibody has been affinitymatured, as is known in the art. Structure-based methods may be employedfor humanization and affinity maturation, for example as described inU.S. Ser. No. 11/004,590. Selection based methods may be employed tohumanize and/or affinity mature antibody variable regions, including butnot limited to methods described in Wu et al., 1999, J. Mol. Biol.294:151-162; Baca et al., 1997, J. Biol. Chem. 272(16):10678-10684;Rosok et al., 1996, J. Biol. Chem. 271(37): 22611-22618; Rader et al.,1998, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 8910-8915; Krauss et al., 2003,Protein Engineering 16(10):753-759. Other humanization methods mayinvolve the grafting of only parts of the CDRs, including but notlimited to methods described in U.S. Ser. No. 09/810,502; Tan et al.,2002, J. Immunol. 169:1119-1125; De Pascalis et al., 2002, J. Immunol.169:3076-3084.

In one embodiment, the antibody is a fully human antibody with at leastone modification as outlined herein. “Fully human antibody” or “completehuman antibody” refers to a human antibody having the gene sequence ofan antibody derived from a human chromosome with the modificationsoutlined herein. Fully human antibodies may be obtained, for example,using transgenic mice (Bruggemann et al., 1997, Curr Opin Biotechnol8:455-458) or human antibody libraries coupled with selection methods(Griffiths et al., 1998, Curr Opin Biotechnol 9:102-108).

Antibody Fusions

In one embodiment, the antibodies of the invention are antibody fusionproteins (sometimes referred to herein as an “antibody conjugate”). Onetype of antibody fusions are Fc fusions, which join the Fc region with aconjugate partner. By “Fc fusion” as used herein is meant a proteinwherein one or more polypeptides is operably linked to an Fc region. Fcfusion is herein meant to be synonymous with the terms “immunoadhesin”,“Ig fusion”, “Ig chimera”, and “receptor globulin” (sometimes withdashes) as used in the prior art (Chamow et al., 1996, Trends Biotechnol14:52-60; Ashkenazi et al., 1997, Curr Opin Immunol 9:195-200). An Fcfusion combines the Fc region of an immunoglobulin with a fusionpartner, which in general can be any protein or small molecule.Virtually any protein or small molecule may be linked to Fc to generatean Fc fusion. Protein fusion partners may include, but are not limitedto, the variable region of any antibody, the target-binding region of areceptor, an adhesion molecule, a ligand, an enzyme, a cytokine, achemokine, or some other protein or protein domain. Small moleculefusion partners may include any therapeutic agent that directs the Fcfusion to a therapeutic target. Such targets may be any molecule,preferably an extracellular receptor, that is implicated in disease.

In addition to antibodies, an antibody-like protein that is finding anexpanding role in research and therapy is the Fc fusion (Chamow et al.,1996, Trends Biotechnol 14:52-60; Ashkenazi et al., 1997, Curr OpinImmunol 9:195-200, both hereby entirely incorporated by reference). AnFc fusion is a protein wherein one or more polypeptides is operablylinked to Fc. An Fc fusion combines the Fc region of an antibody, andthus its favorable effector functions and pharmacokinetics, with thetarget-binding region of a receptor, ligand, or some other protein orprotein domain. The role of the latter is to mediate target recognition,and thus it is functionally analogous to the antibody variable region.Because of the structural and functional overlap of Fc fusions withantibodies, the discussion on antibodies in the present inventionextends also to Fc fusions.

In addition to Fc fusions, antibody fusions include the fusion of theconstant region of the heavy chain with one or more fusion partners(again including the variable region of any antibody), while otherantibody fusions are substantially or completely full length antibodieswith fusion partners. In one embodiment, a role of the fusion partner isto mediate target binding, and thus it is functionally analogous to thevariable regions of an antibody (and in fact can be). Virtually anyprotein or small molecule may be linked to Fc to generate an Fc fusion(or antibody fusion). Protein fusion partners may include, but are notlimited to, the target-binding region of a receptor, an adhesionmolecule, a ligand, an enzyme, a cytokine, a chemokine, or some otherprotein or protein domain. Small molecule fusion partners may includeany therapeutic agent that directs the Fc fusion to a therapeutictarget. Such targets may be any molecule, preferably an extracellularreceptor, that is implicated in disease.

The conjugate partner can be proteinaceous or non-proteinaceous; thelatter generally being generated using functional groups on the antibodyand on the conjugate partner. For example linkers are known in the art;for example, homo- or hetero-bifunctional linkers as are well known(see, 1994 Pierce Chemical Company catalog, technical section oncross-linkers, pages 155-200, incorporated herein by reference).

Suitable conjugates include, but are not limited to, labels as describedbelow, drugs and cytotoxic agents including, but not limited to,cytotoxic drugs (e.g., chemotherapeutic agents) or toxins or activefragments of such toxins. Suitable toxins and their correspondingfragments include diptheria A chain, exotoxin A chain, ricin A chain,abrin A chain, curcin, crotin, phenomycin, enomycin and the like.Cytotoxic agents also include radiochemicals made by conjugatingradioisotopes to antibodies, or binding of a radionuclide to a chelatingagent that has been covalently attached to the antibody. Additionalembodiments utilize calicheamicin, auristatins, geldanamycin,maytansine, and duocarmycins and analogs, for the latter, see U.S.2003/0050331, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Covalent Modifications of Antibodies

Covalent modifications of antibodies are included within the scope ofthis invention, and are generally, but not always, donepost-translationally. For example, several types of covalentmodifications of the antibody are introduced into the molecule byreacting specific amino acid residues of the antibody with an organicderivatizing agent that is capable of reacting with selected side chainsor the N- or C-terminal residues.

Cysteinyl residues most commonly are reacted with α-haloacetates (andcorresponding amines), such as chloroacetic acid or chloroacetamide, togive carboxymethyl or carboxyamidomethyl derivatives. Cysteinyl residuesalso are derivatized by reaction with bromotrifluoroacetone,α-bromo-β-(5-imidozoyl)propionic acid, chloroacetyl phosphate,N-alkylmaleimides, 3-nitro-2-pyridyl disulfide, methyl 2-pyridyldisulfide, p-chloromercuribenzoate, 2-chloromercuri-4-nitrophenol, orchloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole.

Histidyl residues are derivatized by reaction with diethylpyrocarbonateat pH 5.5-7.0 because this agent is relatively specific for the histidylside chain. Para-bromophenacyl bromide also is useful; the reaction ispreferably performed in 0.1M sodium cacodylate at pH 6.0.

Lysinyl and amino terminal residues are reacted with succinic or othercarboxylic acid anhydrides. Derivatization with these agents has theeffect of reversing the charge of the lysinyl residues. Other suitablereagents for derivatizing alpha-amino-containing residues includeimidoesters such as methyl picolinimidate; pyridoxal phosphate;pyridoxal; chloroborohydride; trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid;O-methylisourea; 2,4-pentanedione; and transaminase-catalyzed reactionwith glyoxylate.

Arginyl residues are modified by reaction with one or severalconventional reagents, among them phenylglyoxal, 2,3-butanedione,1,2-cyclohexanedione, and ninhydrin. Derivatization of arginine residuesrequires that the reaction be performed in alkaline conditions becauseof the high pKa of the guanidine functional group. Furthermore, thesereagents may react with the groups of lysine as well as the arginineepsilon-amino group.

The specific modification of tyrosyl residues may be made, withparticular interest in introducing spectral labels into tyrosyl residuesby reaction with aromatic diazonium compounds or tetranitromethane. Mostcommonly, N-acetylimidizole and tetranitromethane are used to formO-acetyl tyrosyl species and 3-nitro derivatives, respectively. Tyrosylresidues are iodinated using 125I or 131I to prepare labeled proteinsfor use in radioimmunoassay, the chloramine T method described abovebeing suitable.

Carboxyl side groups (aspartyl or glutamyl) are selectively modified byreaction with carbodiimides (R′—N═C═N—R′), where R and R′ are optionallydifferent alkyl groups, such as 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinyl-4-ethyl)carbodiimide or 1-ethyl-3-(4-azonia-4,4-dimethylpentyl) carbodiimide.Furthermore, aspartyl and glutamyl residues are converted to asparaginyland glutaminyl residues by reaction with ammonium ions.

Derivatization with bifunctional agents is useful for crosslinkingantibodies to a water-insoluble support matrix or surface for use in avariety of methods, in addition to methods described below. Commonlyused crosslinking agents include, e.g.,1,1-bis(diazoacetyl)-2-phenylethane, glutaraldehyde,N-hydroxysuccinimide esters, for example, esters with 4-azidosalicylicacid, homobifunctional imidoesters, including disuccinimidyl esters suchas 3,3′-dithiobis (succinimidylpropionate), and bifunctional maleimidessuch as bis-N-maleimido-1,8-octane. Derivatizing agents such asmethyl-3-[(p-azidophenyl)dithio]propioimidate yield photoactivatableintermediates that are capable of forming crosslinks in the presence oflight. Alternatively, reactive water-insoluble matrices such as cyanogenbromide-activated carbohydrates and the reactive substrates described inU.S. Pat. Nos. 3,969,287; 3,691,016; 4,195,128; 4,247,642; 4,229,537;and 4,330,440 are employed for protein immobilization.

Glutaminyl and asparaginyl residues are frequently deamidated to thecorresponding glutamyl and aspartyl residues, respectively.Alternatively, these residues are deamidated under mildly acidicconditions. Either form of these residues falls within the scope of thisinvention.

Other modifications include hydroxylation of proline and lysine,phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of seryl or threonyl residues,methylation of the α-amino groups of lysine, arginine, and histidineside chains (T. E. Creighton, Proteins: Structure and MolecularProperties, W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, pp. 79-86 [1983]),acetylation of the N-terminal amine, and amidation of any C-terminalcarboxyl group.

Another type of covalent modification of the antibody comprises linkingthe antibody to various nonproteinaceous polymers, including, but notlimited to, various polyols such as polyethylene glycol, polypropyleneglycol or polyoxyalkylenes, in the manner set forth in U.S. Pat. No.4,640,835; 4,496,689; 4,301,144; 4,670,417; 4,791,192 or 4,179,337. Inaddition, as is known in the art, amino acid substitutions may be madein various positions within the antibody to facilitate the addition ofpolymers such as PEG. See for example, U.S. Publication No.2005/0114037, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Labeled Antibodies

In some embodiments, the covalent modification of the antibodies of theinvention comprises the addition of one or more labels. In some cases,these are considered antibody fusions.

The term “labelling group” means any detectable label. In someembodiments, the labelling group is coupled to the antibody via spacerarms of various lengths to reduce potential steric hindrance. Variousmethods for labelling proteins are known in the art and may be used inperforming the present invention.

In general, labels fall into a variety of classes, depending on theassay in which they are to be detected: a) isotopic labels, which may beradioactive or heavy isotopes; b) magnetic labels (e.g., magneticparticles); c) redox active moieties; d) optical dyes; enzymatic groups(e.g. horseradish peroxidase, β-galactosidase, luciferase, alkalinephosphatase); e) biotinylated groups; and f) predetermined polypeptideepitopes recognized by a secondary reporter (e.g., leucine zipper pairsequences, binding sites for secondary antibodies, metal bindingdomains, epitope tags, etc.). In some embodiments, the labelling groupis coupled to the antibody via spacer arms of various lengths to reducepotential steric hindrance. Various methods for labelling proteins areknown in the art and may be used in performing the present invention.

Specific labels include optical dyes, including, but not limited to,chromophores, phosphors and fluorophores, with the latter being specificin many instances. Fluorophores can be either “small molecule” fluores,or proteinaceous fluores.

By “fluorescent label” is meant any molecule that may be detected viaits inherent fluorescent properties. Suitable fluorescent labelsinclude, but are not limited to, fluorescein, rhodamine,tetramethylrhodamine, eosin, erythrosin, coumarin, methyl-coumarins,pyrene, Malacite green, stilbene, Lucifer Yellow, Cascade BlueJ, TexasRed, IAEDANS, EDANS, BODIPY FL, LC Red 640, Cy 5, Cy 5.5, LC Red 705,Oregon green, the Alexa-Fluor dyes (Alexa Fluor 350, Alexa Fluor 430,Alexa Fluor 488, Alexa Fluor 546, Alexa Fluor 568, Alexa Fluor 594,Alexa Fluor 633, Alexa Fluor 660, Alexa Fluor 680), Cascade Blue,Cascade Yellow and R-phycoerythrin (PE) (Molecular Probes, Eugene,Oreg.), FITC, Rhodamine, and Texas Red (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.), Cy5,Cy5.5, Cy7 (Amersham Life Science, Pittsburgh, Pa.). Suitable opticaldyes, including fluorophores, are described in Molecular Probes Handbookby Richard P. Haugland, hereby expressly incorporated by reference.

Suitable proteinaceous fluorescent labels also include, but are notlimited to, green fluorescent protein, including a Renilla, Ptilosarcus,or Aequorea species of GFP (Chalfie et al., 1994, Science 263:802-805),EGFP (Clontech Laboratories, Inc., Genbank Accession Number U55762),blue fluorescent protein (BFP, Quantum Biotechnologies, Inc. 1801 deMaisonneuve Blvd. West, 8th Floor, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3H 1J9;Stauber, 1998, Biotechniques 24:462-471; Heim et al., 1996, Curr. Biol.6:178-182), enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP, ClontechLaboratories, Inc.), luciferase (Ichiki et al., 1993, J. Immunol.150:5408-5417), β galactosidase (Nolan et al., 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. U.S.A. 85:2603-2607) and Renilla (WO92/15673, WO95/07463,WO98/14605, WO98/26277, WO99/49019, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,292,658, 5,418,155,5,683,888, 5,741,668, 5,777,079, 5,804,387, 5,874,304, 5,876,995,5,925,558). All of the above-cited references are expressly incorporatedherein by reference.

Targets

Virtually any antigen may be targeted by the Fc variants of the presentinvention, including but not limited to proteins, subunits, domains,motifs, and/or epitopes belonging to the following list of targets:17-IA, 4-1BB, 4Dc, 6-keto-PGF1a, 8-iso-PGF2a, 8-oxo-dG, A1 AdenosineReceptor, A33, ACE, ACE-2, Activin, Activin A, Activin AB, Activin B,Activin C, Activin RIA, Activin RIA ALK-2, Activin RIB ALK-4, ActivinRIIA, Activin RIIB, ADAM, ADAM10, ADAM12, ADAM15, ADAM17/TACE, ADAM8,ADAM9, ADAMTS, ADAMTS4, ADAMTS5, Addressins, aFGF, ALCAM, ALK, ALK-1,ALK-7, alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-V/beta-1 antagonist, ANG, Ang, APAF-1,APE, APJ, APP, APRIL, AR, ARC, ART, Artemin, anti-id, ASPARTIC, Atrialnatriuretic factor, av/b3 integrin, Axl, b2M, B7-1, B7-2, B7-H,B-lymphocyte Stimulator (BlyS), BACE, BACE-1, Bad, BAFF, BAFF-R, Bag-1,BAK, Bax, BCA-1, BCAM, Bcl, BCMA, BDNF, b-ECGF, bFGF, BID, Bik, BIM,BLC, BL-CAM, BLK, BMP, BMP-2 BMP-2a, BMP-3 Osteogenin, BMP-4 BMP-2b,BMP-5, BMP-6 Vgr-1, BMP-7 (OP-1), BMP-8 (BMP-8a, OP-2), BMPR, BMPR-IA(ALK-3), BMPR-IB (ALK-6), BRK-2, RPK-1, BMPR-II (BRK-3), BMPs, b-NGF,BOK, Bombesin, Bone-derived neurotrophic factor, BPDE, BPDE-DNA, BTC,complement factor 3 (C3), C3a, C4, C5, C5a, C10, CA125, CAD-8,Calcitonin, cAMP, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carcinoma-associatedantigen, Cathepsin A, Cathepsin B, Cathepsin C/DPPI, Cathepsin D,Cathepsin E, Cathepsin H, Cathepsin L, Cathepsin O, Cathepsin S,Cathepsin V, Cathepsin X/Z/P, CBL, CCI, CCK2, CCL, CCL1, CCL11, CCL12,CCL13, CCL14, CCL15, CCL16, CCL17, CCL18, CCL19, CCL2, CCL20, CCL21,CCL22, CCL23, CCL24, CCL25, CCL26, CCL27, CCL28, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL6,CCL7, CCL8, CCL9/10, CCR, CCR1, CCR10, CCR10, CCR2, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5,CCR6, CCR7, CCR8, CCR9, CD1, CD2, CD3, CD3E, CD4, CD5, CD6, CD7, CD8,CD10, CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, CD13, CD14, CD15, CD16, CD18, CD19, CD20,CD21, CD22, CD23, CD25, CD27L, CD28, CD29, CD30, CD30L, CD32, CD33 (p67proteins), CD34, CD38, CD40, CD40L, CD44, CD45, CD46, CD49a, CD52, CD54,CD55, CD56, CD61, CD64, CD66e, CD74, CD80 (B7-1), CD89, CD95, CD123,CD137, CD138, CD140a, CD146, CD147, CD148, CD152, CD164, CEACAM5, CFTR,cGMP, CINC, Clostridium botulinum toxin, Clostridium perfringens toxin,CKb8-1, CLC, CMV, CMV UL, CNTF, CNTN-1, COX, C-Ret, CRG-2, CT-1, CTACK,CTGF, CTLA-4, CX3CL1, CX3CR1, CXCL, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL4, CXCL5,CXCL6, CXCL7, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL12, CXCL13, CXCL14,CXCL15, CXCL16, CXCR, CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR5, CXCR6,cytokeratin tumor-associated antigen, DAN, DCC, DcR3, DC-SIGN, Decayaccelerating factor, des(1-3)-IGF-I (brain IGF-1), Dhh, digoxin, DNAM-1,Dnase, Dpp, DPPIV/CD26, Dtk, ECAD, EDA, EDA-A1, EDA-A2, EDAR, EGF, EGFR(ErbB-1), EMA, EMMPRIN, ENA, endothelin receptor, Enkephalinase, eNOS,Eot, eotaxin1, EpCAM, Ephrin B2/EphB4, EPO, ERCC, E-selectin, ET-1,Factor IIa, Factor VII, Factor VIIIc, Factor IX, fibroblast activationprotein (FAP), Fas, FcR1, FEN-1, Ferritin, FGF, FGF-19, FGF-2, FGF3,FGF-8, FGFR, FGFR-3, Fibrin, FL, FLIP, Flt-3, Flt-4, Folliclestimulating hormone, Fractalkine, FZD1, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6,FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, FZD10, G250, Gas 6, GCP-2, GCSF, GD2, GD3, GDF, GDF-1,GDF-3 (Vgr-2), GDF-5 (BMP-14, CDMP-1), GDF-6 (BMP-13, CDMP-2), GDF-7(BMP-12, CDMP-3), GDF-8 (Myostatin), GDF-9, GDF-15 (MIC-1), GDNF, GDNF,GFAP, GFRa-1, GFR-alpha1, GFR-alpha2, GFR-alpha3, GITR, Glucagon, Glut4, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GP IIIb/IIIa), GM-CSF, gp130, gp72, GRO,Growth hormone releasing factor, Hapten (NP-cap or NIP-cap), HB-EGF,HCC, HCMV gB envelope glycoprotein, HCMV) gH envelope glycoprotein, HCMVUL, Hemopoietic growth factor (HGF), Hep B gp120, heparanase, Her2,Her2/neu (ErbB-2), Her3 (ErbB-3), Her4 (ErbB-4), herpes simplex virus(HSV) gB glycoprotein, HSV gD glycoprotein, HGFA, High molecular weightmelanoma-associated antigen (HMW-MAA), HIV gp120, HIV IIIB gp120 V3loop, HLA, HLA-DR, HM1.24, HMFG PEM, HRG, Hrk, human cardiac myosin,human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human growth hormone (HGH), HVEM, 1-309,IAP, ICAM, ICAM-1, ICAM-3, ICE, ICOS, IFNg, Ig, IgA receptor, IgE, IGF,IGF binding proteins, IGF-1R, IGFBP, IGF-I, IGF-II, IL, IL-1, IL-1R,IL-2, IL-2R, IL-4, IL-4R, IL-5, IL-5R, IL-6, IL-6R, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10,IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-18, IL-18R, IL-23, interferon (INF)-alpha,INF-beta, INF-gamma, Inhibin, iNOS, Insulin A-chain, Insulin B-chain,Insulin-like growth factor 1, integrin alpha2, integrin alpha3, integrinalpha4, integrin alpha4/beta1, integrin alpha4/beta7, integrin alpha5(alphaV), integrin alpha5/beta1, integrin alpha5/beta3, integrin alpha6,integrin beta1, integrin beta2, interferon gamma, IP-10, I-TAC, JE,Kallikrein 2, Kallikrein 5, Kallikrein 6, Kallikrein 11, Kallikrein 12,Kallikrein 14, Kallikrein 15, Kallikrein L1, Kallikrein L2, KallikreinL3, Kallikrein L4, KC, KDR, Keratinocyte Growth Factor (KGF), laminin 5,LAMP, LAP, LAP (TGF-1), Latent TGF-1, Latent TGF-1 bp1, LBP, LDGF,LECT2, Lefty, Lewis-Y antigen, Lewis-Y related antigen, LFA-1, LFA-3,Lfo, LIF, LIGHT, lipoproteins, LIX, LKN, Lptn, L-Selectin, LT-a, LT-b,LTB4, LTBP-1, Lung surfactant, Luteinizing hormone, Lymphotoxin BetaReceptor, Mac-1, MAdCAM, MAG, MAP2, MARC, MCAM, MCAM, MCK-2, MCP, M-CSF,MDC, Mer, METALLOPROTEASES, MGDF receptor, MGMT, MHC (HLA-DR), MIF, MIG,MIP, MIP-1-alpha, MK, MMAC1, MMP, MMP-1, MMP-10, MMP-11, MMP-12, MMP-13,MMP-14, MMP-15, MMP-2, MMP-24, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-8, MMP-9, MPIF, Mpo,MSK, MSP, mucin (Muc1), MUC18, Muellerian-inhibitin substance, Mug,MuSK, NAIP, NAP, NCAD, N-Cadherin, NCA 90, NCAM, NCAM, Neprilysin,Neurotrophin-3, -4, or -6, Neurturin, Neuronal growth factor (NGF),NGFR, NGF-beta, nNOS, NO, NOS, Npn, NRG-3, NT, NTN, OB, OGG1, OPG, OPN,OSM, OX40L, OX40R, p150, p95, PADPr, Parathyroid hormone, PARC, PARP,PBR, PBSF, PCAD, P-Cadherin, PCNA, PDGF, PDGF, PDK-1, PECAM, PEM, PF4,PGE, PGF, PGI2, PGJ2, PIN, PLA2, placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP),PIGF, PLP, PP14, Proinsulin, Prorelaxin, Protein C, PS, PSA, PSCA,prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), PTEN, PTHrp, Ptk, PTN, R51,RANK, RANKL, RANTES, RANTES, Relaxin A-chain, Relaxin B-chain, renin,respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F, RSV Fgp, Ret, Rheumatoid factors,RLIP76, RPA2, RSK, S100, SCF/KL, SDF-1, SERINE, Serum albumin, sFRP-3,Shh, SIGIRR, SK-1, SLAM, SLPI, SMAC, SMDF, SMOH, SOD, SPARC, Stat,STEAP, STEAP-II, TACE, TACI, TAG-72 (tumor-associated glycoprotein-72),TARC, TCA-3, T-cell receptors (e.g., T-cell receptor alpha/beta), TdT,TECK, TEM1, TEM5, TEM7, TEM8, TERT, testicular PLAP-like alkalinephosphatase, TfR, TGF, TGF-alpha, TGF-beta, TGF-beta Pan Specific,TGF-beta R1 (ALK-5), TGF-beta RII, TGF-beta RIIb, TGF-beta RIII,TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, TGF-beta3, TGF-beta4, TGF-beta5, Thrombin, ThymusCk-1, Thyroid stimulating hormone, Tie, TIMP, TIQ, Tissue Factor,TMEFF2, Tmpo, TMPRSS2, TNF, TNF-alpha, TNF-alpha beta, TNF-beta2, TNFc,TNF-RI, TNF-RII, TNFRSF10A (TRAIL R1 Apo-2, DR4), TNFRSF10B (TRAIL R2DR5, KILLER, TRICK-2A, TRICK-B), TNFRSF10C (TRAIL R3 DcR1, LIT, TRID),TNFRSF10D (TRAIL R4 DcR2, TRUNDD), TNFRSF11A (RANK ODF R, TRANCE R),TNFRSF11B (OPG OCIF, TR1), TNFRSF12 (TWEAK R FN14), TNFRSF13B (TACI),TNFRSF13C (BAFF R), TNFRSF14 (HVEM ATAR, HveA, LIGHT R, TR2), TNFRSF16(NGFR p75NTR), TNFRSF17 (BCMA), TNFRSF18 (GITR AITR), TNFRSF19 (TROYTAJ, TRADE), TNFRSF19L (RELT), TNFRSF1A (TNF RI CD120a, p55-60),TNFRSF1B (TNF RII CD120b, p75-80), TNFRSF26 (TNFRH3), TNFRSF3 (LTbR TNFRIII, TNFC R), TNFRSF4 (OX40 ACT35, TXGP1 R), TNFRSF5 (CD40 p50),TNFRSF6 (Fas Apo-1, APT1, CD95), TNFRSF6B (DcR3 M68, TR6), TNFRSF7(CD27), TNFRSF8 (CD30), TNFRSF9 (4-1BB CD137, ILA), TNFRSF21 (DR6),TNFRSF22 (DcTRAIL R2 TNFRH2), TNFRST23 (DCTRAIL R1 TNFRH1), TNFRSF25(DR3 Apo-3, LAR6, TR-3, TRAMP, WSL-1), TNFSF10 (TRAIL Apo-2 Ligand,TL2), TNFSF11 (TRANCE/RANK Ligand ODF, OPG Ligand), TNFSF12 (TWEAK Apo-3Ligand, DR3 Ligand), TNFSF13 (APRIL TALL2), TNFSF13B (BAFF BLYS, TALL1,THANK, TNFSF20), TNFSF14 (LIGHT HVEM Ligand, LTg), TNFSF15 (TL1A/VEGI),TNFSF18 (GITR Ligand AITR Ligand, TL6), TNFSF1A (TNF-a Conectin, DIF,TNFSF2), TNFSF1B (TNF-b LTa, TNFSF1), TNFSF3 (LTb TNFC, p33), TNFSF4(OX40 Ligand gp34, TXGP1), TNFSF5 (CD40 Ligand CD154, gp39, HIGM1, IMD3,TRAP), TNFSF6 (Fas Ligand Apo-1 Ligand, APT1 Ligand), TNFSF7 (CD27Ligand CD70), TNFSF8 (CD30 Ligand CD153), TNFSF9 (4-1BB Ligand CD137Ligand), TP-1, t-PA, Tpo, TRAIL, TRAIL R, TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R2, TRANCE,transferring receptor, TRF, Trk, TROP-2, TSG, TSLP, tumor-associatedantigen CA 125, tumor-associated antigen expressing Lewis Y relatedcarbohydrate, TWEAK, TXB2, Ung, uPAR, uPAR-1, Urokinase, VCAM, VCAM-1,VECAD, VE-Cadherin, VE-cadherin-2, VEFGR-1 (fit-1), VEGF, VEGFR, VEGFR-3(flt-4), VEGI, VIM, Viral antigens, VLA, VLA-1, VLA-4, VNR integrin, vonWillebrands factor, WIF-1, WNT1, WNT2, WNT2B/13, WNT3, WNT3A, WNT4,WNT5A, WNT5B, WNT6, WNT7A, WNT7B, WNT8A, WNT8B, WNT9A, WNT9A, WNT9B,WNT10A, WNT10B, WNT11, WNT16, XCL1, XCL2, XCR1, XCR1, XEDAR, XIAP, XPD,and receptors for hormones and growth factors, etc.

Glycoform Modification

Many polypeptides, including antibodies, are subjected to a variety ofpost-translational modifications involving carbohydrate moieties, suchas glycosylation with oligosaccharides. There are several factors thatcan influence glycosylation. The species, tissue and cell type have allbeen shown to be important in the way that glycosylation occurs. Inaddition, the extracellular environment, through altered cultureconditions such as serum concentration, may have a direct effect onglycosylation. (Lifely et al., 1995, Glycobiology 5(8): 813-822).

All antibodies contain carbohydrate at conserved positions in theconstant regions of the heavy chain. Each antibody isotype has adistinct variety of N-linked carbohydrate structures. Aside from thecarbohydrate attached to the heavy chain, up to 30% of human IgGs have aglycosylated Fab region. IgG has a single N-linked biantennarycarbohydrate at Asn297 of the CH2 domain. For IgG from either serum orproduced ex vivo in hybridomas or engineered cells, the IgG areheterogeneous with respect to the Asn297 linked carbohydrate. Jefferiset al., 1998, Immunol. Rev. 163:59-76; and Wright et al., 1997, TrendsBiotech 15:26-32. For human IgG, the core oligosaccharide normallyconsists of GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc, with differing numbers of outer residues.

The carbohydrate moieties of the present invention will be describedwith reference to commonly used nomenclature for the description ofoligosaccharides. A review of carbohydrate chemistry which uses thisnomenclature is found in Hubbard et al. 1981, Ann. Rev. Biochem.50:555-583. This nomenclature includes, for instance, Man, whichrepresents mannose; GlcNAc, which represents 2-N-acetylglucosamine; Galwhich represents galactose; Fuc for fucose; and Glc, which representsglucose. Sialic acids are described by the shorthand notation NeuNAc,for 5-N-acetylneuraminic acid, and NeuNGc for 5-glycolyineuraminic.

The term “glycosylation” means the attachment of oligosaccharides(carbohydrates containing two or more simple sugars linked together e.g.from two to about twelve simple sugars linked together) to aglycoprotein. The oligosaccharide side chains are typically linked tothe backbone of the glycoprotein through either N- or O-linkages. Theoligosaccharides of the present invention occur generally are attachedto a CH2 domain of an Fc region as N-linked oligosaccharides. “N-linkedglycosylation” refers to the attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to anasparagine residue in a glycoprotein chain. The skilled artisan willrecognize that, for example, each of murine IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3as well as human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA and IgD CH2 domains have asingle site for N-linked glycosylation at amino acid residue 297 (Kabatet al. Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 1991).

For the purposes herein, a “mature core carbohydrate structure” refersto a processed core carbohydrate structure attached to an Fc regionwhich generally consists of the following carbohydrate structureGlcNAc(Fucose)-GlcNAc-Man-(Man-GlcNAc)₂ typical of biantennaryoligosaccharides. The mature core carbohydrate structure is attached tothe Fc region of the glycoprotein, generally via N-linkage to Asn297 ofa CH2 domain of the Fc region. A “bisecting GlcNAc” is a GlcNAc residueattached to the β1,4 mannose of the mature core carbohydrate structure.The bisecting GlcNAc can be enzymatically attached to the mature corecarbohydrate structure by a β(1,4)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase IIIenzyme (GnTIII). CHO cells do not normally express GnTIII (Stanley etal., 1984, J. Biol. Chem. 261:13370-13378), but may be engineered to doso (Umana et al., 1999, Nature Biotech. 17:176-180).

The present invention contemplates Fc variants that comprise modifiedglycoforms or engineered glycoforms. By “modified glycoform” or“engineered glycoform” as used herein is meant a carbohydratecomposition that is covalently attached to an IgG, wherein thecarbohydrate composition differs chemically from that of a parent IgG.Engineered glycoforms may be useful for a variety of purposes, includingbut not limited to enhancing or reducing FcγR-mediated effectorfunction. In certain embodiments, the Fc variants of the presentinvention are modified to control the level of fucosylated and/orbisecting oligosaccharides that are covalently attached to the Fcregion. A variety of methods are well known in the art for generatingmodified glycoforms (Umaña et al., 1999, Nat Biotechnol 17:176-180;Davies et al., 2001, Biotechnol Bioeng 74:288-294; Shields et al., 2002,J Biol Chem 277:26733-26740; Shinkawa et al., 2003, J Biol Chem278:3466-3473); (U.S. Pat. No. 6,602,684; U.S. Ser. No. 10/277,370; U.S.Ser. No. 10/113,929; PCT WO 00/61739A1; PCT WO 01/29246A1; PCT WO02/31140A1; PCT WO 02/30954A1); (Potelligent™ technology [Biowa, Inc.,Princeton, N.J.]; GlycoMAb™ glycosylation engineering technology[GLYCART biotechnology ACG, Zürich, Switzerland]; all of which areexpressly incorporated by reference). These techniques control the levelof fucosylated and/or bisecting oligosaccharides that are covalentlyattached to the Fc region, for example by expressing an IgG in variousorganisms or cell lines, engineered or otherwise (for example Lec-13 CHOcells or rat hybridoma YB2/0 cells), by regulating enzymes involved inthe glycosylation pathway (for example FUT8 [α1,6-fucosyltranserase]and/or β1-4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III [GnTIII]), or bymodifying carbohydrate(s) after the IgG has been expressed. The use of aparticular mode of generating a modified glycoform, for example the useof the Lec-13 cell line in the present study, is not meant to constrainthe present invention to that particular embodiment. Rather, the presentinvention contemplates Fc variants with modified glycoforms irrespectiveof how they are produced.

Engineered glycoform typically refers to the different carbohydrate oroligosaccharide; thus an IgG variant, for example an antibody or Fcfusion, can include an engineered glycoform. Alternatively, engineeredglycoform may refer to the IgG variant that comprises the differentcarbohydrate or oligosaccharide. For the purposes herein, a “parent Fcpolypeptide” is a glycosylated Fc polypeptide having the same amino acidsequence and mature core carbohydrate structure as an engineeredglycoform of the present invention, except that fucose is attached tothe mature core carbohydrate structure. For instance, in a compositioncomprising the parent glycoprotein about 50-100% or about 70-100% of theparent glycoprotein comprises a mature core carbohydrate structurehaving fucose attached thereto.

The present invention provides a composition comprising a glycosylatedFc polypeptide having an Fc region, wherein about 51-100% of theglycosylated Fc polypeptide in the composition comprises a mature corecarbohydrate structure which lacks fucose, attached to the Fc region ofthe Fc polypeptide. More preferably, about 80-100% of the Fc polypeptidein the composition comprises a mature core carbohydrate structure whichlacks fucose and most preferably about 90-99% of the Fc polypeptide inthe composition lacks fucose attached to the mature core carbohydratestructure. In certain embodiments, the Fc polypeptide in the compositionboth comprises a mature core carbohydrate structure that lacks fucoseand additionally comprises at least one amino acid modification in theFc region. In certain embodiments, the combination of engineeredglycoform and amino acid modification provides optimal Fc receptorbinding properties to the Fc polypeptide.

Fc Receptor Binding Properties

The Fc variants of the present invention may be optimized for a varietyof Fc receptor binding properties. An Fc variant that is engineered orpredicted to display one or more optimized properties is herein referredto as an “optimized Fc variant”. Properties that may be optimizedinclude but are not limited to increased or reduced affinity for anFcγR. In certain embodiments, the Fc variants of the present inventionare optimized to possess increased affinity for a human activating FcγR,preferably FcγRI, FcγRIIa, FcγRIIc, FcγRIIIa, and FcγRIIIb, mostpreferrably FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIa. In another embodiment, the Fc variantsare optimized to possess reduced affinity for the human inhibitoryreceptor FcγRIIb. These embodiments are anticipated to provide Fcpolypeptides with increased therapeutic properties in humans, forexample enhanced effector function and greater anti-cancer potency. Inother embodiments, Fc variants of the present invention provideincreased affinity for one or more FcγRs, yet reduced affinity for oneor more other FcγRs. For example, an Fc variant of the present inventionmay have increased binding to FcγRI, FcγRIIa, and/or FcγRIIIa, yetreduced binding to FcγRIIb.

By “greater affinity” or “improved affinity” or “enhanced affinity” or“increased affinity” or “better affinity” than a parent Fc polypeptide,as used herein is meant that an Fc variant binds to an Fc receptor witha significantly higher equilibrium constant of association (KA) or lowerequilibrium constant of dissociation (KD) than the parent Fc polypeptidewhen the amounts of variant and parent polypeptide in the binding assayare essentially the same. For example, the Fc variant with improved Fcreceptor binding affinity may display from about 5 fold to about 1000fold, e.g. from about 10 fold to about 500 fold improvement in Fcreceptor binding affinity compared to the parent Fc polypeptide, whereFc receptor binding affinity is determined, for example, as disclosed inthe Examples herein. Accordingly, by “reduced affinity” as compared to aparent Fc polypeptide as used herein is meant that an Fc variant bindsan Fc receptor with significantly lower KA or higher KD than the parentFc polypeptide. A promising means for enhancing the anti-tumor potencyof antibodies is via enhancement of their ability to mediate cytotoxiceffector functions such as ADCC, ADCP, and CDC. The importance ofFcγR-mediated effector functions for the anti-cancer activity ofantibodies has been demonstrated in mice (Clynes et al., 1998, Proc NatlAcad Sci USA 95:652-656; Clynes et al., 2000, Nat Med 6:443-446, bothhereby entirely incorporated by reference), and the affinity ofinteraction between Fc and certain FcγRs correlates with targetedcytotoxicity in cell-based assays (Shields et al., 2001, J Biol Chem276:6591-6604; Presta et al., 2002, Biochem Soc Trans 30:487-490;Shields et al., 2002, J Biol Chem 277:26733-26740, all hereby entirelyincorporated by reference). A critical set of data supporting therelevance of FcγR-mediated effector functions in antibody therapeuticmechanism are the correlations observed between clinical efficacy inhumans and their allotype of high and low affinity polymorphic forms ofFcγRs. In particular, human IgG1 binds with greater affinity to the V158isoform of FcγRIIIa than the F158 isoform. This difference in affinity,and its effect FcγR-mediated effector functions such as ADCC and/orADCP, has been shown to be a significant determinant of the efficacy ofthe anti-CD20 antibody rituximab (Rituxan®, Biogenldec). Patients withthe V158 allotype respond favorably to rituximab treatment; however,patients with the lower affinity F158 allotype respond poorly (Cartronet al., 2002, Blood 99:754-758; Weng & Levy, 2003, J Clin Oncol,21(21):3940-3947, hereby entirely incorporated by reference).Approximately 10-20% of humans are V158/V158 homozygous, 45% areV158/F158 heterozygous, and 35-45% of humans are F158/F158 homozygous(Lehrnbecher et al., 1999, Blood 94:4220-4232; Cartron et al., 2002,Blood 99:754-758, both hereby entirely incorporated by reference). Thus80-90% of humans are poor responders, e.g., they have at least oneallele of the F158 FcγRIIIa. Correlations between polymorphisms andclinical outcome have also been documented for the activating receptorFcγRIIa (Weng & Levy, 2003, J Clin Oncol, 21(21):3940-3947; Cheung etal., 2006 J Clin Oncol 24(18):1-6; herein expressly incorporated byreference). The H131 and R131 allotypes of this receptor areapproximately equally present in the human population. Non-Hodgkin'slymphoma patients homozygous for the H131 isoform, which binds moretightly to human IgG2 than R131 FcγRIIa, responded better to anti-CD20rituximab therapy than those homozygous for R131 FcγRIIa (Weng & Levy,2003, J Clin Oncol, 21(21):3940-3947). The FcγRIIa polymorphism alsocorrelated with clinical outcome following immunotherapy ofneuroblastoma with a murine IgG3 anti-GD2 antibody and GMC-SF (Cheung etal., 2006 J Clin Oncol 24(18):1-6). Murine IgG3 has higher affinity forthe R131 isoform of human FcγRIIa than the H131 form, and patientshomozygous for R131 showed better response than H/H homozygous patients.Notably, this is the first documentation of a clinical correlationbetween FcγR polymorphism and outcome in solid tumors, suggesting thatthe importance of FcγR-mediated effector functions is not limited toantibodies targeting hematological cancers.

Together these data suggest that an antibody that is optimized forbinding to certain FcγRs may better mediate effector functions andthereby destroy cancer cells more effectively in patients. Indeedprogress has been made towards this goal, see for example U.S. Ser. No.10/672,280, U.S. Ser. No. 10/822,231, U.S. Ser. No. 11/124,620, and U.S.Ser. No. 11/256,060. The majority of emphasis has thus far been directedat enhancing the affinity of antibodies for the activating receptorFcγRIIIa. However a major obstacle to improving antibody anti-tumorefficacy is engineering the proper balance between activating andinhibiting receptors. This is supported by the positive FcγRIIapolymorphism correlations with clinical outcome cited above because thisreceptor is virtually always expressed on immune cells along with theinhibitory receptor FcγRIIb. FIG. 1 shows the activating and inhibitoryFcγRs that may be involved in regulating the activities of severalimmune cell types. Whereas NK cells only express the activating receptorFcγRIIIa, all of the other cell types, including neutrophils,macrophages, and dendritic cells, express the inhibitory receptorFcγRIIb, as well the other activating receptors FcγRI and FcγRIIa. Forthese cell types optimal effector function may result from an antibodythat has increased affinity for activation receptors, for example FcγRI,FcγRIIa, and FcγRIIIa, yet reduced affinity for the inhibitory receptorFcγRIIb. Notably, these other cells types can utilize FcγRs to mediatenot only innate effector functions that directly lyse cells, for exampleADCC, but can also phagocytose targeted cells and process antigen forpresentation to other immune cells, events that can ultimately lead tothe generation of adaptive immune response. For example, recent datasuggest that the balance between FcγRIIa and FcγRIIb establishes athreshold of DC activation and enables immune complexes to mediateopposing effects on dendritic cell (DC) maturation and function(Boruchov et al., 2005, J Clin Invest., September 15, 1-10, entirelyincorporated by reference). Thus Fc variants that selectively ligateactivating versus inhibitory receptors, for example FcγRIIa versusFcγRIIb, may affect DC processing, T cell priming and activation,antigen immunization, and/or efficacy against cancer (Dhodapkar &Dhodapkar, 2005, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 102, 6243-6244, entirelyincorporated by reference). Such variants may be employed as novelstrategies for targeting antigens to the activating or inhibitory FcγRson human DCs, macrophages, or other antigen presenting cells to generatetarget-specific immunity.

In various aspects, the present application is directed to Fc variantshaving differential specificity for various receptors. For example, thechange in affinity for one or more receptors can be increased relativeto a second receptor or group of receptors.

In one aspect, the present invention is directed to an Fc variant of aparent Fc polypeptide comprising at least a first and a secondsubstitution. The first and second substitutions are each at a positionselected from group consisting of 234, 235, 236, 239, 267, 268, 293,295, 324, 327, 328, 330, and 332 according to the EU index. The Fcvariant exhibits an increase in affinity for one or more receptorsselected from the group consisting of FcγRI, FcγRIIa, and FcγRIIIa ascompared to the increase in a affinity of the Fc variant for the FcγRIIbreceptor. The increases in affinities are relative to the parentpolypeptide. In certain embodiments, the Fc variant has increasedaffinity for the activating receptor as compared to the parent Fcpolypeptide but has reduced affinity (i.e. a negative increase inaffinity) for FcγRIIb as compared to the parent Fc polypeptide. Theincrease in affinity is greater for an activating receptor than it isfor FcγRIIb. Other activating receptors are also contemplated. Incertain embodiments, the affinity for FcγRI, FcγRIIa, and FcγRIIIareceptors is increased.

Table 1 illustrates several embodiments of human Fc receptor affinityprofiles wherein the Fc variant provide selectively increased affinityfor activating receptors relative to the inhibitory receptor FcγRIIb.One application of Fc variants with such Fc receptor affinity profilesis to impart antibodies, Fc fusions, or other Fc polypeptides withenhanced FcγR-mediated effector function and cellular activation,specifically for cells that express both activating and inhibitoryreceptors including but not limited to neutrophils, monocytes andmacrophages, and dendritic cells.

TABLE 1 Selectively increased affinity for activating receptors FcγRIFcγRIIa FcγRIIb FcγRIIIa Embodiment 1 + or WT ++ + ++ Embodiment 2 + orWT + WT + Embodiment 3 + or WT + − +

In another aspect, the Fc variant exhibits an increase in affinity ofthe Fc variant for the FcγRIIb receptor as compared to the increase inaffinity for one or more activating receptors. Activating receptorsinclude FcγRI, FcγRIIa, and FcγRIIIa. Increased affinities are relativeto the parent polypeptide. The first and second substitutions each at aposition selected from group consisting of 234, 235, 236, 239, 267, 268,293, 295, 324, 327, 328, 330 and 332 according to the EU index. In othervariations, the Fc variant has increased affinity for the activatingreceptor as compared to the parent Fc polypeptide but has reducedaffinity (i.e. a negative increase in affinity) for FcγRIIb as comparedto the parent Fc polypeptide. The increase in affinity is greater forFcγRIIb than it is for the one or more activating receptors. In furthervariations, the affinity for FcγRIIb is increased.

Table 2 illustrates several embodiments of human Fc receptor affinityprofiles wherein the Fc variant provide selectively increased affinityfor the inhibitory receptor FcγRIIb relative to one or more activatingreceptors. One application of Fc variants with such Fc receptor affinityprofiles is to impart antibodies, Fc fusions, or other Fc polypeptideswith reduced FcγR-mediated effector function and to inhibit cellularactivation, specifically for cells that express the inhibitory receptorFcγRIIb, including but not limited to neutrophils, monocytes andmacrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells.

TABLE 2 Selectively increased affinity for inhibitory receptor FcγRIFcγRIIa FcγRIIb FcγRIIIa Embodiment 1 + + ++ + Embodiment 2 WT or − WTor − + WT or − Embodiment 3 − − + −

In particular embodiments, the Fc variants that provide selectivelyincreased affinity for activating receptors or inhibitory receptor aremurine antibodies, and said selective enhancements are to murine Fcreceptors. As described below in the examples, various embodimentsprovide for the generation of surrogate antibodies that are designed tobe most compatible with mouse disease models, and may be informative forexample in pre-clinical studies.

The presence of different polymorphic forms of FcγRs provides yetanother parameter that impacts the therapeutic utility of the Fcvariants of the present invention. Whereas the specificity andselectivity of a given Fc variant for the different classes of FcγRssignificantly affects the capacity of an Fc variant to target a givenantigen for treatment of a given disease, the specificity or selectivityof an Fc variant for different polymorphic forms of these receptors mayin part determine which research or pre-clinical experiments may beappropriate for testing, and ultimately which patient populations may ormay not respond to treatment. Thus the specificity or selectivity of Fcvariants of the present invention to Fc receptor polymorphisms,including but not limited to FcγRIIa, FcγRIIIa, and the like, may beused to guide the selection of valid research and pre-clinicalexperiments, clinical trial design, patient selection, dosingdependence, and/or other aspects concerning clinical trials.

Fc variants of the invention may comprise modifications that modulateinteraction with Fc receptors other than FcγRs, including but notlimited to complement proteins, FcRn, and Fc receptor homologs (FcRHs).FcRHs include but are not limited to FcRH1, FcRH2, FcRH3, FcRH4, FcRH5,and FcRH6 (Davis et al., 2002, Immunol. Reviews 190:123-136).

Clearly an important parameter that determines the most beneficialselectivity of a given Fc variant to treat a given disease is thecontext of the Fc variant. Thus the Fc receptor selectivity orspecificity of a given Fc variant will provide different propertiesdepending on whether it composes an antibody, Fc fusion, or Fc variantswith a coupled fusion or conjugate partner.

Various Fc variants are used in therapeutic utilities based on theirrespective receptor specificities. The utility of a given Fc variant fortherapeutic purposes can depend on the epitope or form of the targetantigen and the disease or indication being treated. For some targetsand indications, enhanced FcγR-mediated effector functions may bepreferable. This may be particularly favorable for anti-cancer Fcvariants. Thus Fc variants can be used that comprise Fc variants thatprovide increased affinity for activating FcγRs and/or reduced affinityfor inhibitory FcγRs. For some targets and indications, it may befurther beneficial to utilize Fc variants that provide differentialselectivity for different activating FcγRs; for example, in some casesenhanced binding to FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIa may be desired, but not FcγRI,whereas in other cases, enhanced binding only to FcγRIIa may bepreferred. For certain targets and indications, it may be preferable toutilize Fc variants that enhance both FcγR-mediated andcomplement-mediated effector functions, whereas for other cases it maybe advantageous to utilize Fc variants that enhance either FcγR-mediatedor complement-mediated effector functions. For some targets or cancerindications, it may be advantageous to reduce or ablate one or moreeffector functions, for example by knocking out binding to C1q, one ormore FcγR's, FcRn, or one or more other Fc ligands. For other targetsand indications, it may be preferable to utilize Fc variants thatprovide enhanced binding to the inhibitory FcγRIIb, yet WT level,reduced, or ablated binding to activating FcγRs. This may beparticularly useful, for example, when the goal of an Fc variant is toinhibit inflammation or auto-immune disease, or modulate the immunesystem in some way.

In certain embodiments, the target of the Fc variants of the presentinvention is itself one or more Fc ligands. Fc polypeptides of theinvention can be utilized to modulate the activity of the immune system,and in some cases to mimic the effects of IVIg therapy in a morecontrolled, specific, and efficient manner. IVIg is effectively a highdose of immunoglobulins delivered intravenously. In general, IVIg hasbeen used to downregulate autoimmune conditions. It has beenhypothesized that the therapeutic mechanism of action of IVIg involvesligation of Fc receptors at high frequency (J. Bayry et al., 2003,Transfusion Clinique et Biologique t0: 165-169; Binstadt et al., 2003, JAllergy Olin. Immunol, 697-704). Indeed animal models ofthrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) show that the isolated Fc are the activeportion of IVIg (Samuelsson et al, 2001, Pediatric Research 50(5), 551).For use in therapy, immunoglobulins are harvested from thousands ofdonors, with all of the concomitant problems associated withnon-recombinant biotherapeutics collected from humans. An Fc variant ofthe present invention should serve all of the roles of IVIg while beingmanufactured as a recombinant protein rather than harvested from donors.

The immunomodulatory effects of IVIg may be dependent on productiveinteraction with one or more Fc ligands, including but not limited toFcγRs, complement proteins, and FcRn. In some embodiments, Fc variantsof the invention with increased affinity for FcγRIIb can be used topromote anti-inflammatory activity (Samuelsson et al., 2001, Science291: 484-486) and or to reduce autoimmunity (Hogarth, 2002, CurrentOpinion in Immunology, t4:798-802). In other embodiments, Fcpolypeptides of the invention with increased affinity for one or moreFcγRs can be utilized by themselves or in combination with additionalmodifications to reduce autoimmunity (Hogarth, 2002, Current Opinion inImmunology, 14:798-802). In alternative embodiments, Fc variants of theinvention with increased affinity for FcγRIIIa but reduced capacity forintracellular signaling can be used to reduce immune system activationby competitively interfering with FcγRIIIa binding. The context of theFc variant impacts the desired specificity. For example, Fc variantsthat provide enhanced binding to one or more activating FcγRs mayprovide optimal immunomodulatory effects in the context of an antibody,Fc fusion, isolated Fc, or Fc fragment by acting as an FcγR antagonist(van Mirre et al., 2004, J. Immunol. 173:332-339). However, fusion orconjugation of two or more Fc variants may provide different effects,and for such an Fc polypeptide it may be optimal to utilize Fc variantsthat provide increased affinity for an inhibitory receptor.

The Fc variants of the present invention may be used as immunomodulatorytherapeutics. Binding to or blocking Fc receptors on immune system cellsmay be used to influence immune response in immunological conditionsincluding but not limited to idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP)and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) among others. By use of the affinityenhanced Fc variants of the present invention, the dosages required intypical IVIg applications may be reduced while obtaining a substantiallysimilar therapeutic effect. The Fc variants may provide enhanced bindingto an FcγR, including but not limited to FcγRIIa, FcγRIIIb, FcγRIIa,FcγRIIb, and/or FcγRI. In particular, binding enhancements to FcγRIIbwould increase expression or inhibitory activity, as needed, of thatreceptor and improve efficacy. Alternatively, blocking binding toactivation receptors such as FcγRIIIb or FcγRI may improve efficacy. Inaddition, modulated affinity of the Fc variants for FcRn and/or alsocomplement may also provide benefits.

In one embodiment, Fc variants that provide enhanced binding to theinhibitory receptor FcγRIIb provide an enhancement to the IVIgtherapeutic approach. In particular, the Fc variants of the presentinvention that bind with greater affinity to the FcγRIIb receptor thanparent Fc polypeptide may be used. Such Fc variants would thus functionas FcγRIIb agonists, and would be expected to enhance the beneficialeffects of IVIg as an autoimmune disease therapeutic and also as amodulator of B-cell proliferation. In addition, such FcγRIIb-enhanced Fcvariants may also be further modified to have the same or limitedbinding to other receptors. In additional embodiments, the Fc variantswith enhanced FcγRIIb affinity may be combined with mutations thatreduce or ablate to other receptors, thereby potentially furtherminimizing side effects during therapeutic use.

Such immunomodulatory applications of the Fc variants of the presentinvention may also be utilized in the treatment of oncologicalindications, especially those for which antibody therapy involvesantibody-dependant cytotoxic mechanisms. For example, an Fc variant thatenhances affinity to FcγRIIb may be used to antagonize this inhibitoryreceptor, for example by binding to the Fc/FcγRIIb binding site butfailing to trigger, or reducing cell signaling, potentially enhancingthe effect of antibody-based anti-cancer therapy. Such Fc variants,functioning as FcγRIIb antagonists, may either block the inhibitoryproperties of FcγRIIb, or induce its inhibitory function as in the caseof IVIg. An FcγRIIb antagonist may be used as co-therapy in combinationwith any other therapeutic, including but not limited to antibodies,acting on the basis of ADCC related cytotoxicity. FcγRIIb antagonisticFc variants of this type are preferably isolated Fc or Fc fragments,although in alternate embodiments antibodies and Fc fusions may be used.

Additional Modifications

Modification may be made to improve the IgG stability, solubility,function, or clinical use. In certain embodiments, the Fc variants ofthe present invention may comprise modifications to reduceimmunogenicity in humans. In certain embodiments, the immunogenicity ofan Fc variant of the present invention is reduced using a methoddescribed in U.S. Ser. No. 11/004,590, filed Dec. 3, 2004, herebyentirely incorporated by reference. In alternate embodiments, the Fcvariants of the present invention are humanized (Clark, 2000, ImmunolToday 21:397-402, hereby entirely incorporated by reference). By“humanized” antibody as used herein is meant an antibody comprising ahuman framework region (FR) and one or more complementarity determiningregions (CDR's) from a non-human (usually mouse or rat) antibody. Thenon-human antibody providing the CDR's is called the “donor” and thehuman immunoglobulin providing the framework is called the “acceptor”.Humanization relies principally on the grafting of donor CDRs ontoacceptor (human) VL and VH frameworks (e.g., Winter et al, U.S. Pat. No.5,225,539, hereby entirely incorporated by reference). This strategy isreferred to as “CDR grafting”. “Backmutation” of selected acceptorframework residues to the corresponding donor residues is often requiredto regain affinity that is lost in the initial grafted construct (U.S.Pat. No. 5,530,101; U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,089; U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,761;U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,762; U.S. Pat. No. 6,180,370; U.S. Pat. No.5,859,205; U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,337; U.S. Pat. No. 6,054,297; and U.S.Pat. No. 6,407,213, all hereby entirely incorporated by reference). Thehumanized antibody optimally also will comprise at least a portion of animmunoglobulin constant region, typically that of a humanimmunoglobulin, and thus will typically comprise a human Fc region. Avariety of techniques and methods for humanizing and reshaping non-humanantibodies are well known in the art (See Tsurushita & Vasquez, 2004,Humanization of Monoclonal Antibodies, Molecular Biology of B Cells,533-545, Elsevier Science (USA), and references cited therein, allhereby entirely incorporated by reference). Humanization methods includebut are not limited to methods described in Jones et al., 1986, Nature321:522-525; Riechmann et al., 1988; Nature 332:323-329; Verhoeyen etal., 1988, Science, 239:1534-1536; Queen et al., 1989, Proc Natl AcadSci, USA 86:10029-33; He et al., 1998, J. Immunol. 160: 1029-1035;Carter et al., 1992, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:4285-9, Presta et al.,1997, Cancer Res. 57(20):4593-9; Gorman et al., 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA 88:4181-4185; O'Connor et al., 1998, Protein Eng 11:321-8, allhereby entirely incorporated by reference. Humanization or other methodsof reducing the immunogenicity of nonhuman antibody variable regions mayinclude resurfacing methods, as described for example in Roguska et al.,1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:969-973, hereby entirelyincorporated by reference. In one embodiment, the parent antibody hasbeen affinity matured, as is well known in the art. Structure-basedmethods may be employed for humanization and affinity maturation, forexample as described in U.S. Ser. No. 11/004,590, hereby entirelyincorporated by reference. Selection based methods may be employed tohumanize and/or affinity mature antibody variable regions, including butnot limited to methods described in Wu et al., 1999, J. Mol. Biol.294:151-162; Baca et al., 1997, J. Biol. Chem. 272(16):10678-10684;Rosok et al., 1996, J. Biol. Chem. 271(37): 22611-22618; Rader et al.,1998, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 8910-8915; Krauss et al., 2003,Protein Engineering 16(10)-753-759, all hereby entirely incorporated byreference. Other humanization methods may involve the grafting of onlyparts of the CDRs, including but not limited to methods described inU.S. Ser. No. 09/810,502; Tan et al., 2002, J. Immunol. 169:1119-1125;De Pascalis et al., 2002, J. Immunol. 169:3076-3084, all hereby entirelyincorporated by reference.

Modifications to reduce immunogenicity may include modifications thatreduce binding of processed peptides derived from the parent sequence toMHC proteins. For example, amino acid modifications may be engineeredsuch that there are no or a minimal number of immune epitopes that arepredicted to bind, with high affinity, to any prevalent MHC alleles.Several methods of identifying MHC-binding epitopes in protein sequencesare known in the art and may be used to score epitopes in an Fc variantof the present invention. See for example WO 98/52976; WO 02/079232; WO00/3317; U.S. Ser. No. 09/903,378; U.S. Ser. No. 10/039,170; U.S. Ser.No. 60/222,697; U.S. Ser. No. 10/754,296; PCT WO 01/21823; and PCT WO02/00165; Mallios, 1999, Bioinformatics 15: 432-439; Mallios, 2001,Bioinformatics 17: 942-948; Sturniolo et al., 1999, Nature Biotech. 17:555-561; WO 98/59244; WO 02/069232; WO 02/77187; Marshall et al., 1995,J. Immunol. 154: 5927-5933; and Hammer et al., 1994, J. Exp. Med. 180:2353-2358, all hereby entirely incorporated by reference. Sequence-basedinformation can be used to determine a binding score for a givenpeptide-MHC interaction (see for example Mallios, 1999, Bioinformatics15: 432-439; Mallios, 2001, Bioinformatics 17: p942-948; Sturniolo et.al., 1999, Nature Biotech. 17: 555-561, all hereby entirely incorporatedby reference).

In an alternate embodiment, the Fc variant of the present invention isconjugated or operably linked to another therapeutic compound. Thetherapeutic compound may be a cytotoxic agent, a chemotherapeutic agent,a toxin, a radioisotope, a cytokine, or other therapeutically activeagent. The IgG may be linked to one of a variety of nonproteinaceouspolymers, e.g., polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol,polyoxyalkylenes, or copolymers of polyethylene glycol and polypropyleneglycol.

Production and Experimental Characterization of Fc Variants

The present invention provides methods for engineering, producing, andscreening Fc variants. The described methods are not meant to constrainthe present invention to any particular application or theory ofoperation. Rather, the provided methods are meant to illustrategenerally that one or more Fc variants may be engineered, produced, andscreened experimentally to obtain Fc variants with optimized effectorfunction. A variety of methods are described for designing, producing,and testing antibody and protein variants in U.S. Ser. No. 10/672,280,U.S. Ser. No. 10/822,231, U.S. Ser. No. 11/124,620, and U.S. Ser. No.11/256,060, all hereby entirely incorporated by reference.

A variety of protein engineering methods may be used to design Fcvariants with optimized effector function. In one embodiment, astructure-based engineering method may be used, wherein availablestructural information is used to guide substitutions. An alignment ofsequences may be used to guide substitutions at the identifiedpositions. Alternatively, random or semi-random mutagenesis methods maybe used to make amino acid modifications at the desired positions.

Methods for production and screening of Fc variants are well known inthe art. General methods for antibody molecular biology, expression,purification, and screening are described in Antibody Engineering,edited by Duebel & Kontermann, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 2001; andHayhurst & Georgiou, 2001, Curr Opin Chem Biol 5:683-689; Maynard &Georgiou, 2000, Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2:339-76, all hereby entirelyincorporated by reference. Also see the methods described in U.S. Ser.No. 10/672,280, U.S. Ser. No. 10/822,231, U.S. Ser. No. 11/124,620, andU.S. Ser. No. 11/256,060, all hereby entirely incorporated by reference.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the Fc variant sequences areused to create nucleic acids that encode the member sequences, and thatmay then be cloned into host cells, expressed and assayed, if desired.These practices are carried out using well-known procedures, and avariety of methods that may find use in the present invention aredescribed in Molecular Cloning—A Laboratory Manual, 3^(rd) Ed.(Maniatis, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, 2001), andCurrent Protocols in Molecular Biology (John Wiley & Sons), bothentirely incorporated by reference. The Fc variants of the presentinvention may be produced by culturing a host cell transformed withnucleic acid, preferably an expression vector, containing nucleic acidencoding the Fc variants, under the appropriate conditions to induce orcause expression of the protein. A wide variety of appropriate hostcells may be used, including but not limited to mammalian cells,bacteria, insect cells, and yeast. For example, a variety of cell linesthat may find use in the present invention are described in the ATCCcell line catalog, available from the American Type Culture Collection.The methods of introducing exogenous nucleic acid into host cells arewell known in the art, and will vary with the host cell used.

In certain embodiments, Fc variants are purified or isolated afterexpression. Antibodies may be isolated or purified in a variety of waysknown to those skilled in the art. Standard purification methods includechromatographic techniques, electrophoretic, immunological,precipitation, dialysis, filtration, concentration, and chromatofocusingtechniques. As is well known in the art, a variety of natural proteinsbind antibodies, for example bacterial proteins A, G, and L, and theseproteins may find use in the present invention for purification.Purification can often be enabled by a particular fusion partner. Forexample, proteins may be purified using glutathione resin if a GSTfusion is employed, Ni⁺² affinity chromatography if a His-tag isemployed, or immobilized anti-flag antibody if a flag-tag is used. Forgeneral guidance in suitable purification techniques, see AntibodyPurification: Principles and Practice, 3^(rd) Ed., Scopes,Springer-Verlag, NY, 1994, hereby entirely incorporated by reference.

Fc variants may be screened using a variety of methods, including butnot limited to those that use in vitro assays, in vivo and cell-basedassays, and selection technologies. Automation and high-throughputscreening technologies may be utilized in the screening procedures.Screening may employ the use of a fusion partner or label, for examplean immune label, isotopic label, or small molecule label such as afluorescent or calorimetric dye.

In certain embodiments, the functional and/or biophysical properties ofFc variants are screened in an in vitro assay. In certain embodiments,the protein is screened for functionality, for example its ability tocatalyze a reaction or its binding affinity to its target.

As is known in the art, a subset of screening methods are those thatselect for favorable members of a library. The methods are hereinreferred to as “selection methods”, and these methods find use in thepresent invention for screening Fc variants. When protein libraries arescreened using a selection method, only those members of a library thatare favorable, that is which meet some selection criteria, arepropagated, isolated, and/or observed. A variety of selection methodsare known in the art that may find use in the present invention forscreening protein libraries. Other selection methods that may find usein the present invention include methods that do not rely on display,such as in vivo methods. A subset of selection methods referred to as“directed evolution” methods are those that include the mating orbreading of favorable sequences during selection, sometimes with theincorporation of new mutations.

In certain embodiments, Fc variants are screened using one or morecell-based or in vivo assays. For such assays, purified or unpurifiedproteins are typically added exogenously such that cells are exposed toindividual variants or pools of variants belonging to a library. Theseassays are typically, but not always, based on the function of the Fcpolypeptide; that is, the ability of the Fc polypeptide to bind to itstarget and mediate some biochemical event, for example effectorfunction, ligand/receptor binding inhibition, apoptosis, and the like.Such assays often involve monitoring the response of cells to the IgG,for example cell survival, cell death, change in cellular morphology, ortranscriptional activation such as cellular expression of a natural geneor reporter gene. For example, such assays may measure the ability of Fcvariants to elicit ADCC, ADCP, or CDC. For some assays additional cellsor components, that is in addition to the target cells, may need to beadded, for example serum complement, or effector cells such asperipheral blood monocytes (PBMCs), NK cells, macrophages, and the like.Such additional cells may be from any organism, preferably humans, mice,rat, rabbit, and monkey. Antibodies may cause apoptosis of certain celllines expressing the target, or they may mediate attack on target cellsby immune cells which have been added to the assay. Methods formonitoring cell death or viability are known in the art, and include theuse of dyes, immunochemical, cytochemical, and radioactive reagents.Transcriptional activation may also serve as a method for assayingfunction in cell-based assays. Alternatively, cell-based screens areperformed using cells that have been transformed or transfected withnucleic acids encoding the variants. That is, Fc variants are not addedexogenously to the cells.

In certain embodiments, the immunogenicity of the Fc variants isdetermined experimentally using one or more cell-based assays. Severalmethods can be used for experimental confirmation of epitopes.

The biological properties of the Fc variants of the present inventionmay be characterized in cell, tissue, and whole organism experiments. Asis known in the art, drugs are often tested in animals, including butnot limited to mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, cats, pigs, and monkeys, inorder to measure a drug's efficacy for treatment against a disease ordisease model, or to measure a drug's pharmacokinetics, toxicity, andother properties. The animals may be referred to as disease models.Therapeutics are often tested in mice, including but not limited to nudemice, SCID mice, xenograft mice, and transgenic mice (including knockinsand knockouts). Such experimentation may provide meaningful data fordetermination of the potential of the protein to be used as atherapeutic. Any organism, preferably mammals, may be used for testing.For example because of their genetic similarity to humans, monkeys canbe suitable therapeutic models, and thus may be used to test theefficacy, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, or other property of the IgGs ofthe present invention. Tests of the in humans are ultimately requiredfor approval as drugs, and thus of course these experiments arecontemplated. Thus the IgGs of the present invention may be tested inhumans to determine their therapeutic efficacy, toxicity,immunogenicity, pharmacokinetics, and/or other clinical properties.

Therapeutic Use of Fc Variants

The Fc variants of the present invention may find use in a wide range ofproducts. In one embodiment the Fc variant of the present invention is atherapeutic, a diagnostic, or a research reagent, preferably atherapeutic. The Fc variant may find use in an antibody composition thatis monoclonal or polyclonal. In certain embodiments, the Fc variants ofthe present invention are used to kill target cells that bear the targetantigen, for example cancer cells. In an alternate embodiment, the Fcvariants of the present invention are used to block, antagonize, oragonize the target antigen, for example for antagonizing a cytokine orcytokine receptor. In an alternative embodiment, the Fc variants of thepresent invention are used to block, antagonize, or agonize the targetantigen and kill the target cells that bear the target antigen.

The Fc variants of the present invention may be used for varioustherapeutic purposes. In certain embodiments, an antibody comprising theFc variant is administered to a patient to treat an antibody-relateddisorder. A “patient” for the purposes of the present invention includeshumans and other animals, preferably mammals and most preferably humans.By “antibody related disorder” or “antibody responsive disorder” or“condition” or “disease” herein are meant a disorder that may beameliorated by the administration of a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising an Fc variant of the present invention. Antibody relateddisorders include but are not limited to autoimmune diseases,immunological diseases, infectious diseases, inflammatory diseases,neurological diseases, pain, pulmonary diseases, hematologicalconditions, fibrotic conditions, and oncological and neoplastic diseasesincluding cancer. By “cancer” and “cancerous” herein refer to ordescribe the physiological condition in mammals that is typicallycharacterized by unregulated cell growth. Examples of cancer include butare not limited to carcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma (includingliposarcoma), neuroendocrine tumors, mesothelioma, schwanoma,meningioma, adenocarcinoma, melanoma, and leukemia and lymphoidmalignancies. Other conditions that may be treated include but are notlimited to rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, crohn'sdisease, ulcerative colitis, Sjorgren's disease, multiple sclerosis,ankylosing spondylitis, asthma, allergies and allergenic conditions,graft versus host disease, and the like. The term “treatment” as usedherein is meant to include therapeutic treatment, as well asprophylactic, or suppressive measures for the disease, condition ordisorder. Thus, for example, successful administration of apharmaceutical composition comprising an Fc variant of the presentinvention prior to onset of the disease results in “treatment” of thedisease. As another example, successful administration of apharmaceutical composition comprising an Fc variant of the presentinvention after clinical manifestation of the disease to combat thesymptoms of the disease comprises “treatment” of the disease.“Treatment” also encompasses administration of a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising an Fc variant of the present invention after theappearance of the disease in order to eradicate the disease. Successfuladministration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an Fc variantof the present invention after onset and after clinical symptoms havedeveloped, with possible abatement of clinical symptoms and perhapsamelioration of the disease, comprises “treatment” of the disease. Those“in need of treatment” as used herein include mammals already having thedisease or disorder, as well as those prone to having the disease ordisorder, including those in which the disease or disorder is to beprevented. A variety of diseases that may be treated using the Fcvariants of the present invention are described in U.S. Ser. No.11/124,620, filed May 5, 2005 and entitled “Optimized Fc Variants”,hereby expressly incorporated by reference.

In one embodiment, an Fc variant of the present invention is the onlytherapeutically active agent administered to a patient. Alternatively,the Fc variant of the present invention is administered in combinationwith one or more other therapeutic agents, including but not limited tocytotoxic agents, chemotherapeutic agents, cytokines, growth inhibitoryagents, anti-hormonal agents, kinase inhibitors, anti-angiogenic agents,cardioprotectants, or other therapeutic agents, as well as pre- orpost-surgery. The IgG variants may be administered concomitantly withone or more other therapeutic regimens. For example, an Fc variant ofthe present invention may be administered to the patient along withsurgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or any or all of surgery,chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In one embodiment, the Fc variant ofthe present invention may be administered in conjunction with one ormore antibodies, which may or may not comprise an Fc variant of thepresent invention. In accordance with another embodiment of theinvention, the Fc variant of the present invention and one or more otheranti-cancer therapies are employed to treat cancer cells ex vivo. It iscontemplated that such ex vivo treatment may be useful in bone marrowtransplantation and particularly, autologous bone marrowtransplantation. It is of course contemplated that the Fc variants ofthe invention can be employed in combination with still othertherapeutic techniques such as surgery. A variety of agents that may beco-administered with the Fc variants of the present invention aredescribed in U.S. Ser. No. 11/124,620.

A variety of other therapeutic agents may find use for administrationwith the Fc variants of the present invention. In one embodiment, theIgG is administered with an anti-angiogenic agent. By “anti-angiogenicagent” as used herein is meant a compound that blocks, or interferes tosome degree, the development of blood vessels. The anti-angiogenicfactor may, for instance, be a small molecule or a protein, for examplean antibody, Fc fusion, or cytokine, that binds to a growth factor orgrowth factor receptor involved in promoting angiogenesis. Theanti-angiogenic factor herein is an antibody that binds to VascularEndothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). In an alternate embodiment, the IgG isadministered with a therapeutic agent that induces or enhances adaptiveimmune response, for example an antibody that targets CTLA-4. In analternate embodiment, the IgG is administered with a tyrosine kinaseinhibitor. By “tyrosine kinase inhibitor” as used herein is meant amolecule that inhibits to some extent tyrosine kinase activity of atyrosine kinase. In an alternate embodiment, the Fc variants of thepresent invention are administered with a cytokine. By “cytokine” asused herein is meant a generic term for proteins released by one cellpopulation that act on another cell as intercellular mediators.

Pharmaceutical compositions are contemplated wherein an Fc variant ofthe present invention and one or more therapeutically active agents areformulated. Formulations of the Fc variants of the present invention areprepared for storage by mixing the IgG having the desired degree ofpurity with optional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients orstabilizers (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition, Osol, A.Ed., 1980, hereby entirely incorporated by reference), in the form oflyophilized formulations or aqueous solutions. The formulations to beused for in vivo administration are preferably sterile. This is readilyaccomplished by filtration through sterile filtration membranes or othermethods. The Fc variants and other therapeutically active agentsdisclosed herein may also be formulated as immunoliposomes, and/orentrapped in microcapsules.

The concentration of the therapeutically active Fc variant in theformulation may vary from about 0.001 to 100 weight %. In certainembodiments, the concentration of the IgG is in the range of 0.003 to1.0 molar. In order to treat a patient, a therapeutically effective doseof the Fc variant of the present invention may be administered. By“therapeutically effective dose” herein is meant a dose that producesthe effects for which it is administered. The exact dose will depend onthe purpose of the treatment, and will be ascertainable by one skilledin the art using known techniques. Dosages may range from 0.001 to 100mg/kg of body weight or greater, for example 0.1, 1, 10, or 50 mg/kg ofbody weight, with 1 to 10 mg/kg being preferred. As is known in the art,adjustments for protein degradation, systemic versus localized delivery,and rate of new protease synthesis, as well as the age, body weight,general health, sex, diet, time of administration, drug interaction andthe severity of the condition may be necessary, and will beascertainable with routine experimentation by those skilled in the art.

Administration of the pharmaceutical composition comprising an Fcvariant of the present invention, preferably in the form of a sterileaqueous solution, may be done in a variety of ways, including, but notlimited to, orally, subcutaneously, intravenously, intranasally,intraotically, transdermally, topically (e.g., gels, salves, lotions,creams, etc.), intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, intrapulmonary (e.g.,AERx® inhalable technology commercially available from Aradigm, orInhance® pulmonary delivery system commercially available from InhaleTherapeutics), vaginally, parenterally, rectally, or intraocularly.

EXAMPLES

Examples are provided below to illustrate the present invention. Theseexamples are not meant to constrain the present invention to anyparticular application or theory of operation.

Example 1 Design of Fc Variants with Selective FcγR Affinity

Sequence and structural analysis of the Fc/FcγR interface was carriedout for the different human FcγRs. A central goal was to generatevariants with selectively increased affinity for the activatingreceptors FcγRI, FcγRIIa, FcγRIIc, and FcγRIIIa relative to theinhibitory receptor FcγRIIb, and selectively increased affinity forFcγRIIb relative to the activating receptors. FIG. 4 shows an alignmentof the sequences of the human FcγRs, highlighting the differences fromFcγRIIb and positions at the Fc interface. The analysis indicates thatalthough there is extensive homology among the human FcγRs, there aresignificant differences. Particularly relevant are differences at the Fcbinding interface that may be capitalized on to engineer selective Fcvariants.

The utility of this analysis is illustrated using the example of FcγRIIavs. FcγRIIb. Engineering an Fc variant that selectively improves bindingto FcγRIIa relative to FcγRIIb is potentially the most challengingembodiment of the present invention, due principally to the highsequence homology of these two receptors, particularly at the Fc/FcγRinterface. FIG. 4 shows that there are 3 or 4 differences betweenFcγRIIb and FcγRIIa (depending on allotype) that distinguish binding ofthese receptors to the Fc region (FIG. 4). These include differences at127 (FcγRIIa is Gln, FcγRIIb is Lys), 131 (FcγRIIa is either His or Argdepending on the allotype, FcγRIIb is an Arg), 132 (FcγRIIa is Leu,FcγRIIb is Ser), and 160 (FcγRIIa is Phe, FcγRIIb is Tyr). FcγRnumbering here is according to that provided in the 1E4K pdb structurefor FcγRIIIb. Mapping of these differences onto the Fc/FcγRIIIb complex(FIG. 5) reveals that Fc residues that interact with these FcγR residuesoccur at Fc positions 235-237, 328-330, and 332 on the A chain and atpositions 235-239, 265-270, 295-296, 298-299, and 325-329 on the B chainin the 1E4K pdb structure (FcγRs bind asymmetrically to the Fchomodimer). Thus Fc positions 235-239, 265-270, 295-296, 298-299,325-330, and 332 are positions that may be modified to obtain Fcvariants with selectively increased affinity FcγRIIa relative toFcγRIIb. A similar analysis can be carried out for selectively alteringaffinity to one or more of the other activating receptors relative tothe inhibitory receptor, for example for selectively improving affinityfor FcγRIIIa relative to FcγRIIb, or conversely for selectivelyimproving affinity for FcγRIIb relative to FcγRIIIa.

FcγR binding data provided in FIG. 41 of U.S. Ser. No. 11/124,620,hereby entirely incorporated by reference, indicate that indeed aminoacid modification at some of these positions provide selectiveenhancement or reduction in FcγR affinity. For example G236S provides aselective enhancement to FcγRII's (FcγRIIa, FcγRIIb, and FcγRIIc)relative to FcγRI and FcγRIIIa, with a somewhat greater enhancement toFcγRIIa relative to FcγRIIb and FcγRIIc. G236A, however, is highlyselectively enhanced for FcγRIIa, not only with respect to FcγRI andFcγRIIIa, but also over FcγRIIb and FcγRIIc. Selective enhancements andreductions are observed for a number of Fc variants, including a numberof substitutions occurring at the analyzed above, namely 235-239,265-270, 295-296, 298-299, 325-330, and 332. Although substitutions atsome of these positions have been characterized previously (U.S. Pat.No. 5,624,821; Lund et al., 1991, J Immunol 147(8):2657-2662; U.S. Pat.No. 6,737,056; Shields et al., 2001, J Biol Chem 276(9): 6591-6604),such substitutions have not been characterized with respect to theiraffinities for the full set of human activating and inhibitory FcγRs.

Example 2 Screening of Fc Variants

Amino acid modifications were engineered at these positions to generatevariants with selective FcγR affinity. Fc variants were engineered inthe context of the anti-CD20 antibody PRO70769 (PCT/US2003/040426,hereby entirely incorporated by reference). The genes for the variableregions of PRO70769 (SEQ IDs NO: 1 and NO:2, FIGS. 27 a and 27 b) wereconstructed using recursive PCR, and subcloned into the mammalianexpression vector pcDNA3.1Zeo (Invitrogen) comprising the full lengthlight kappa (CK) and heavy chain IgG1 constant regions. Amino acidsubstitutions were constructed in the variable region of the antibody inthe pcDNA3.1Zeo vector using quick-change mutagenesis techniques(Stratagene). DNA was sequenced to confirm the fidelity of thesequences. Plasmids containing heavy chain gene (VH-CH1-CH2-CH₃)(wild-type or variants) were co-transfected with plasmid containinglight chain gene (VL-Cκ) into 293T cells. Media were harvested 5 daysafter transfection, and antibodies were purified from the supernatantusing protein A affinity chromatography (Pierce).

Binding affinity to human FcγRs by Fc variant anti-CD20 antibodies wasmeasured using a competitive AlphaScreen™ assay. The AlphaScreen is abead-based luminescent proximity assay. Laser excitation of a donor beadexcites oxygen, which if sufficiently close to the acceptor bead willgenerate a cascade of chemiluminescent events, ultimately leading tofluorescence emission at 520-620 nm. The AlphaScreen was applied as acompetition assay for screening the antibodies. Wild-type IgG1 antibodywas biotinylated by standard methods for attachment to streptavidindonor beads, and tagged FcγR was bound to glutathione chelate acceptorbeads. In the absence of competing Fc polypeptides, wild-type antibodyand FcγR interact and produce a signal at 520-620 nm. Addition ofuntagged antibody competes with wild-type Fc/FcγR interaction, reducingfluorescence quantitatively to enable determination of relative bindingaffinities.

In order to screen for Fc/FcγR binding, the extracellular regions ofhuman FcγRs were expressed and purified. The extracellular regions ofthese receptors were obtained by PCR from clones obtained from theMammalian Gene Collection (MGC), or generated de novo using recursivePCR. To enable purification and screening, receptors were fusedC-terminally with either a His tag, or with His-glutathioneS-Transferase (GST). Tagged FcγRs were transfected into 293T cells, andmedia containing secreted receptor were harvested 3 days later andpurified using Nickel chromatography. Additionally, some His-taggedFcγRs were purchased commercially from R&D Systems.

Competition AlphaScreen data were acquired for binding of the Fcvariants to human FcγRI, R131 FcγRIIa, H131 FcγRIIa, FcγRIIb, and V158FcγRIIIa. FIG. 6 show the data for binding of select antibody variantsto the human receptors R131 FcγRIIa (FIG. 6 a) and FcγRIIb (FIG. 6 b).The data were fit to a one site competition model using nonlinearregression, and these fits are represented by the curves in the figure.These fits provide the inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) (i.e. theconcentration required for 50% inhibition) for each antibody, thusenabling the relative binding affinities relative to WT to bedetermined. FIG. 7 provides the IC50s and Fold IC50's relative to WT forfits to these binding curves for all of the anti-CD20 antibody Fcvariants tested. The data support the analysis above that substitutionat positions within the binding region defined by 235-239, 265-270,295-296, 298-299, 325-330, and 332 may be involved in distinguishing thedifferent affinities of the Fc region for the different FcγRs. Forexample as shown by the data, variants comprising modifications at 235,236, 267, and 328 have varying affinity improvements and reductionsrelative to the parent antibody for the different FcγRs, including eventhe highly homologous FcγRIIa and FcγRIIb. It is notable that, withrespect to engineering optimal FcγR selectivity for antibodies and Fcfusions, single variants do not necessarily completely provide favorableFcγR affinities (see for example Table 1). For example although thesingle variant G236A provides selectively improved affinity to FcγRIIarelative to FcγRIIb, it is reduced in affinity for both the otheractivating receptors FcγRI and FcγRIIIa. However combination of thissubstitution with other modifications that provide increased affinity tothese other activating receptors, for example 1332E, results in an Fcvariant with a promising FcγR affinity profile, namely increasedaffinity for FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIa relative to the inhibitory receptorFcγRIIb.

Based on these results, a number of additional Fc variants wereconstructed in the context of the anti-EGFR antibody H4.40/L3.32 C225(SEQ IDs NO:3 and NO:4, FIGS. 27 c and 27 d) as disclosed in U.S. Ser.No. 60/778,226, filed Mar. 2, 2006, entitled “Optimized anti-EGFRantibodies”, herein expressly incorporated by reference). Antibodyvariants were constructed in the IgG1 pcDNA3.1Zeo vector, expressed in293T cells, and purified as described above. Binding affinity to humanFcγRs by Fc variant anti-EGFR antibodies was measured using acompetition AlphaScreen assay as described above. FIG. 8 shows bindingdata for the Fc variants to human FcγRI, R131 FcγRIIa, H131 FcγRIIa,FcγRIIb, and V158 FcγRIIIa. FIG. 9 provides the IC50's and Fold IC50'srelative to WT for fits to these binding curves for all of the anti-EGFRantibody Fc variants tested. The data indicate that it is possible tocombine modifications at the aforementioned positions to generatevariants with selectively improved affinity for one or more humanactivating receptors relative to the human inhibitory receptor FcγRIIb.

Based on these results, a number of additional Fc variants wereconstructed in the context of the anti-EpCAM antibody H3.77/L3 17-1A(SEQ IDs NO:5 and NO:6, FIGS. 27 e and 27 f) as disclosed in U.S. Ser.No. 11/484,183 and U.S. Ser. No. 11/484,198, filed in Jul. 10, 2006,herein expressly incorporated by reference). Antibody variants wereconstructed in the pcDNA3.1Zeo vector as described above. Antibodyvariants were constructed in the context of the IgG1 heavy chain and/orin the context of a novel IgG molecule referred to as IgG(hybrid) (SEQID NO:14, FIG. 28 f), described in U.S. Ser. No. 11/256,060, filed Oct.21, 2005, hereby entirely incorporated by reference. Antibodies wereexpressed in 293T cells, and purified as described above.

Binding affinity to human FcγRs by Fc variant anti-EpCAM antibodies wasmeasured using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), also referred to asBIAcore. SPR measurements were performed using a BIAcore 3000 instrument(BIAcore, Uppsala Sweden). Running buffer was 10 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 150 mMNaCl, 3 mM EDTA, 0.005% v/v Surfactant P20 (HBS-EP, BIAcore), and chipregeneration buffer was 10 mM glycine-HCl pH 1.5.100 nM WT or variantanti-EpCAM antibody was bound to the protein AIG CM5 chip in HBS-EP at 1μl/min for 5 min. 50 μl FcγR-His analyte, in serial dilutions between 30and 1000 nM, was injected in HBS-EP at 25 μl/min for 2 minutesassociation, followed by a dissociation phase with buffer alone. Datawere normalized for baseline response, obtained from a cycle withantibody and buffer alone. Response sensorgrams were fit to a 1:1Langmuir binding model within BlAevaluation software, providing theassociation (ka) and dissociation (kd) rate constants, and theequilibrium dissociation constant (KD).

FIG. 10 shows SPR sensorgrams for binding of select anti-EpCAM Fcvariants to human R131 FcγRIIa. FIG. 11 shows kinetic and equilibriumconstants obtained from the fits of the SPR data for all of thereceptors, well as the calculated Fold(KD) relative to WT and thenegative log of the KD (−log(KD). Here Fold(KD) for a given variant to agiven receptor is defined as:

Fold(KD)_(FcγR) =KD _(WT) /KD _(variant)  Equation 1

A Fold(KD) greater than 1 for a given receptor indicates that thevariant improves affinity relative to the WT parent, whereas a Fold(KD)less than 1 indicates the variant reduces affinity relative to the WTparent. FIG. 12 provides a plot of the negative log of the KD forbinding of select anti-EpCAM Fc variants to the set of human FcγRs. Heregreater −log(KD) on the y-axis corresponds to tighter affinity for thereceptor. In order to better view the impact of the substitutions onFcγR specificity, the activating versus inhibitory FcγR affinitydifferences are plotted for FcγRIIa vs. FcγRIIb and FcγRIIIa vs.FcγRIIb. Here for each variant the −log(KD) for its binding to FcγRIIbis subtracted from the −log(KD) for it binding to the activatingreceptor, providing a direct measure of FcγR selectivity of thevariants. Notably, all variants comprising the G236A substitution,including I332E/G236A, S239D/I332E/G236A, and I332E/H268E/G236A havefavorable FcγRIIa:FcγRIIb selectivity relative to, respectively, theI332E, S239D/I332E, and I332E/H268E variants alone. Thus the resultsshow that suboptimal G236A substitution can be combined with othersubstitutions that have favorable FcγR affinities to generate Fcvariants with the most optimal FcγR affinity profiles.

In order to calculate the selective enhancement in affinity for theactivating receptors relative to the inhibitory receptor FcγRIIb foreach variant, this analysis must be carried out with respect to theparent antibody, either WT IgG1 or WT IgG(hybrid) in this example. Theselective enhancement in affinity for FcγRIIa relative to FcγRIIbprovided by an Fc variant is defined asFold(KD)_(FcγRIIa):Fold(KD)_(FcγRIIIb), also written asFold(KD)_(FcγRIIa)/Fold(KD)_(FcγRIIb). This value is calculated asfollows:

Fold(KD)_(FcγRIIa):Fold(KD)_(FcγRIIb)=Fold(KD)_(FcγRIIa)/Fold(KD)_(FcγRIIb)  Equation2

Likewise the selective enhancement in affinity for FcγRIIIa relative toFcγRIIb provided by an Fc variant is calculated as follows:

Fold(KD)_(FcγRIIIa):Fold(KD)_(FcγRIIb)=Fold(KD)_(FcγRIIIa)/Fold(KD)_(FcγRIIb)  Equation3

FIG. 13 b provides these values for both R131 and H131 isoforms ofFcγRIIa (RIIa and HIIa for brevity), and for both V158 and F158 isoformsof FcγRIIIa (VIIIa and FIIIa for brevity). FIG. 13 c provides a plot ofthese data. The results show that the Fc variants of the inventionprovide up to 9-fold selective enhancements in affinity for binding tothe activating receptor FcγRIIa relative to the inhibitory receptorFcγRIIb, and up to 4-fold selective enhancements in affinity for bindingto the activating receptor FcγRIIIa relative to the inhibitory receptorFcγRIIb.

Example 3 Performance of Fc Variants in Cell-Based Assays

A central goal of improving the activating FcγR vs. inhibitory FcγRprofile of an antibody or Fc fusion was to enhance its FcγR-mediatedeffector function in vitro and ultimately in vivo. To investigate thecapacity of antibodies comprising the Fc variants of the presentinvention to carry out FcγR-mediated effector function, in vitrocell-based ADCC assays were run using human PBMCs as effector cells.ADCC was measured by the release of lactose dehydrogenase using a LDHCytotoxicity Detection Kit (Roche Diagnostic). Human PBMCs were purifiedfrom leukopacks using a ficoll gradient, and the EpCAM⁺ target gastricadenocarcinoma line LS180. Target cells were seeded into 96-well platesat 10,000 cells/well, and opsonized using Fc variant or WT antibodies atthe indicated final concentration. Triton X100 and PBMCs alone were runas controls. Effector cells were added at 40:1 PBMCs:target cells, andthe plate was incubated at 37° C. for 4 hrs. Cells were incubated withthe LDH reaction mixture, and fluorescence was measured using a Fusion™Alpha-FP (Perkin Elmer). Data were normalized to maximal (triton) andminimal (PBMCs alone) lysis, and fit to a sigmoidal dose-response model.FIG. 14 provides these data for select Fc variant antibodies. The G236Avariant mediates reduced ADCC relative to WT, due likely to its reducedaffinity for FcγRIIIa and/or FcγRI. ADCC in PBMCs is potentiallydominated by NK cells, which express only FcγRIIIa, although in somecases they can express FcγRIIc. Thus the reduced ADCC of the G236Asingle variant is consistent with its reduced affinity for thisreceptor. However, combination of the G236A substitution withmodifications that improve affinity for these activating receptors, forexample including but not limited to substitutions at 332 and 239,provide substantially improved ADCC relative to the parent WT antibody.

Monocyte-derived effector cells, including for example macrophages,express not only FcγRIIa, but also FcγRI, FcγRIIa, and the inhibitoryreceptor FcγRIIb. Macrophages are phagocytes that act as scavengers toengulf dead cells, foreign substances, and other debris. Importantly,macrophages are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs), taking uppathogens and foreign structures in peripheral tissues, then migratingto secondary lymphoid organs to initiate adaptive immune responses byactivating naive T-cells. Unlike NK cells, macrophages express the rangeof FcγRs, and thus their activation and function may be dependent onengagement of antibody immune complexes with receptors other than onlyFcγRIIIa.

A cell-based ADCP assay was carried out to evaluate the capacity of theFc variants to mediate phagocytosis. Monocytes were purified from PBMCsand differentiated into macrophages in 50 ng/ml M-CSF for 5 days.Quantitated receptor expression density of FcγRI (CD64), FcγRIIa andFcγRIIb (CD32), and FcγRIIIa (CD16) on these cells was determined withstandard flow cytometry methods using PE (orange)-labeled anti-FcγRs andbiotinylated PE-Cγ5-labeled antibodies against macrophage markers CD11band CD14. PE-conjugated anti-CD64 (Clone 10.1) was purchased fromeBioscience, PE-conjugated anti-CD32 (Clone 3D3) and PE-conjugatedanti-CD16 (Clone 3G8) were purchased from BD Bioscience. Biotinylatedanti-CD14 (TUK4) was purchased from Invitrogen, and biotinylatedanti-CD11b (Clone ICRF44) was purchased from BD Bioscience. Secondarydetection was performed with streptavidin PE-Cγ5 obtained fromBiolegend. Cytometry was carried out on a Guava Personal CellAnalysis-96 (PCA-96) System (Guava Technologies). FIG. 15 a shows thatthe monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) express high levels of FcγRII(99%) and FcγRIII (81%), and moderate (45%) levels of FcγRI. Theinability to distinguish between FcγRIIa and FcγRIIb is due to theunavailability of commercial antibodies that selectively bind these tworeceptors.

For ADCP assays with MDM as effector cells, target EpCAM⁺ LS180 cellswere labeled with PKH26 and plated in a 96-well round bottom plate at 25000 cells/well. Antibodies (WT and Fc variants) were added to wells atindicated concentrations, and antibody opsinized cells were incubatedfor approximately 30 minutes prior to the addition of effector cells.Monocyte derived macrophages (MDM) were added to each well atapproximately 4:1 effector to target ratio, and the cells were incubatedovernight. Cells were washed and treated with HyQtase. MDM were stainedwith biotinylated CD11b and CD14, followed by a secondary stain withStreptavidin PE-Cy5. Cells were fixed in 1% paraformaldehyde and read onthe Guava flow cytometer.

FIG. 15 b shows the results of an ADCP assay of select anti-EpCAM Fcvariants in the presence of macrophages. FIG. 15 c show a repeatexperiment with some of these variants. The data show that the improvedFcγRII:FcγRIIb profile of the I332E/G236A variant relative to the I332Esingle variant provides enhanced phagocytosis. Interestingly, G236A doesnot improve phagocytosis of the S239D/I332E variant. The reason(s) forthis result are not clear, but may be due in part to the lower FcγRIbinding affinity of S239D/I332E/G236A relative to S239D/I332E, whereasI332E/G236A does not have compromised FcγRI affinity relative to I332Ealone. Alternatively, it may be that the inhibitory receptor FcγRIIb,the affinity for which is greater in the S239D/I332E andS239D/I332E/G236A variants relative to the I332E and I332E/G236Avariants, establishes an absolute threshold of activation/repression.That is, regardless of how much affinity to FcγRIIa is improved, at acertain level of FcγRIIb engagement cellular activation and effectorfunction is inhibited.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs)that take up pathogens/foreign structures in peripheral tissues, thenmigrate to secondary lymphoid organs where they initiate adaptive immuneresponses by activating naive T-cells. Immature DCs endocytose eitherfree or complexed antigens in the periphery, and this stimulus inducestheir maturation and migration to secondary lymphoid organs. Mature DCsexpressing costimulatory molecules and produce various cytokines,including for example TNFα, to efficiently activate antigen-specificnaive T-cells. DC-derived cytokines play a crucial role in shaping theadaptive response via determining polarization of T-cells towards eitherthe Th1 or the Th2 phenotype (Bajtay et al., 2006, Immunol Letters 104:46-52). Human DCs can express the various FcγRs depending on theirsource and activation state (Bajtay et al., 2006, Immunol Letters 104:46-52). In contrast to circulating monocytic precursors to DCs, whichcan express the range of FcγRs, immature monocyte-derived DCs expressprimarily FcγRIIa and FcγRIIb. Recent data suggest that the relativeengagement of FcγRIIa and FcγRIIb by immune complexes establishes athreshold of DC activation, mediating opposing effects on DC maturationand function (Boruchov et al., 2005, J Clin Invest 115(10):2914-23).

To evaluate the effect of the different FcγR affinity profiles on DCmaturation, a cell-based assay was carried out using TNFα release tomonitor DC activation. Dendritic cells (DCs) were generated from CD14+sorted cells that were cultured in the presense of GM-CSF (1000 Units/mlor 10 ng/ml) and IL4 (500 Units/ml or 10 ng/ml) for six days. FcγRIIaand FcγRIIb (CD32), and FcγRIIIa (CD16) expression on these cells wasdetermined with standard flow cytometry methods using PE-labeledanti-FcγRs. PE-conjugated anti-CD64 (Clone 10.1) was purchased fromeBioscience, PE-conjugated anti-CD32 (Clone 3D3) and PE-conjugatedanti-CD1B (Clone 3G8) were purchased from BD Bioscience. Cytometry wascarried out on the Guava. FIG. 16 a shows that the DCs used express highlevels of FcγRII (94.7%), low to moderate levels of FcγRIII (37.2%), andlow to no FcγRI (7.3%).

For the DC activation assay, DCs were cultured in the presense ofvarious concentrations of antibody and EpCAM+ LS180 cells overnight.Supernatants were harvested and tested for TNFα by ELISA. FIG. 16 bshows the dose response curves for TNFα release by DCs in the presenceof WT and Fc variant antibodies. The data show that DC activation iscorrelated roughly with the FcγRIIa:FcγRIIb affinity ratio (FIG. 13),consistent with the literature and the dominant expression of FcγRIIreceptors on the DCs used in the present assay, I332E and S239D/I332Emediate DC activation comparable with or lower than WT, in agreementwith their FcγRIIa:FcγRIIb affinity profile. However addition of asubstitution that selectively improves the FcγR affinity for FcγRIIarelative to FcγRIIb, in this case G236A, dramatically improves DCactivation—I332E/G236A and S239D/I332E/G236A show enhanced DC activationrelative to WT, I332E, and S239D/I332E. Together the macrophagephagocytosis and DC activation data are the first examples of the use ofantibody Fc variants with improved FcRIIa:FcγRIIb affinity profiles toenhance the function of antigen presenting cells. Along with the ADCCdata (FIG. 14), the cell-based results indicate that the most optimalengineered FcγR profile is selectively improved affinity for bothFcγRIIa and FcγRIIIa relative to the inhibitory receptor FcγRIIb, forexample as provided by the combination of S239D, I332E, and G236Asubstitutions.

Example 4 Preferred Fc Variants of the Invention

Taken together, the data provided in the present invention indicate thatcombinations of amino acid modifications at positions 235, 236, 237,238, 239, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 295, 296, 298, 299, 325, 326,327, 328, 329, 330, and 332 provide promising candidates for selectivelymodifying the FcγR binding properties, the effector function, andpotentially the clinical properties of Fc polypeptides, includingantibodies and Fc fusions. In particular, Fc variants that selectivelyimprove binding to one or more human activating receptors relative toFcγRIIb, or selectively improve binding to FcγRIIb relative to one ormore activating receptors, may comprise a substitution, as describedherein, selected from the group consisting of 234G, 234I, 235D, 235E,235I, 235Y, 236A, 236S, 239D, 267D, 267E, 267Q, 268D, 268E, 293R, 295E,324G, 324I, 327H, 328A, 328F, 328I, 330I, 330L, 330Y, 332D, and 332E.Additional substitutions that may also be combined include othersubstitutions that modulate FcγR affinity and complement activity,including but not limited to 298A, 298T, 326A, 326D, 326E, 326W, 326Y,333A, 333S, 334L, and 334A (U.S. Pat. No. 6,737,056; Shields et al,Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2001, 276(9):6591-6604; U.S. Pat. No.6,528,624; Idusogie et al., 2001, J. Immunology 166:2571-2572).Preferred variants that may be particularly useful to combine withvariants of the present invention include those that comprise thesubstitutions 298A, 326A, 333A, and 334A. AlphaScreen data measuring thebinding of Fc variants comprising these substitutions to the humanactivating receptors V158 and F158 FcγRIIIa and the inhibitory receptorFcγRIIb are shown in FIG. 17. Additional substitutions that may becombined with the FcγR selective variants of the present invention 247L,255L, 270E, 392T, 396L, and 421K (U.S. Ser. No. 10/754,922; U.S. Ser.No. 10/902,588), and 280H, 280Q, and 280Y (U.S. Ser. No. 10/370,749),all of which are herein expressly incorporated by reference

In particularly preferred embodiments of the invention, Fc variants ofthe present invention may be combined with Fc variants that alter FcRnbinding. In particular, variants that increase Fc binding to FcRninclude but are not limited to: 250E, 250Q, 428L, 428F, 250Q/428L(Hinton et al., 2004, J. Biol. Chem. 279(8): 6213-6216, Hinton et al.2006 Journal of Immunology 176:346-356, U.S. Ser. No. 11/102,621,PCT/US2003/033037, PCT/US2004/011213, U.S. Ser. No. 10/822,300, U.S.Ser. No. 10/687,118, PCT/US2004/034440, U.S. Ser. No. 10/966,673 allentirely incorporated by reference), 256A, 272A, 286A, 305A, 307A, 311A,312A, 376A, 378Q, 380A, 382A, 434A (Shields et al, Journal of BiologicalChemistry, 2001, 276(9):6591-6604, U.S. Ser. No. 10/982,470, U.S. Pat.No. 6,737,056, U.S. Ser. No. 11/429,793, U.S. Ser. No. 11/429,786,PCT/US2005/029511, U.S. Ser. No. 11/208,422, all entirely incorporatedby reference), 252F, 252T, 252Y, 252W, 254T, 256S, 256R, 256Q, 256E,256D, 256T, 309P, 311S, 433R, 433S, 433I, 433P, 433Q, 434H, 434F, 434Y,252Y/254T/256E, 433K/434F/436H, 308T/309P/311S (Dall Acqua et al.Journal of Immunology, 2002, 169:5171-5180, U.S. Pat. No. 7,083,784,PCT/US97/03321, U.S. Pat. No. 6,821,505, PCT/US01/48432, U.S. Ser. No.11/397,328, all entirely incorporated by reference), 257C, 257M, 257L,257N, 257Y, 279E, 279Q, 279Y, insertion of Ser after 281, 283F, 284E,306Y, 307V, 308F, 308Y 311V, 385H, 385N, (PCT/US2005/041220, U.S. Ser.No. 11/274,065, U.S. Ser. No. 11/436,266 all entirely incorporated byreference) 204D, 284E, 285E, 286D, and 290E (PCT/US2004/037929 entirelyincorporated by reference).

Preferred combinations of positions and modifications are summarized inFIG. 18.

This list of preferred Fc variants is not meant to constrain the presentinvention. Indeed all combinations of the any of the Fc variantsprovided are embodiments of the present invention. Furthermore,combinations of any of the Fc variants of the present invention withother discovered or undiscovered Fc variants may also provide favorableproperties, and these combinations are also contemplated as embodimentsof the present invention. Further, substitutions at all positionsdisclosed herein are contemplated.

Example 5 Fc Variants Comprising Amino Acid Modifications and EngineeredGlycoforms that Provide Selective FcγR Affinity

An alternative method to amino acid modification for modulating FcγRaffinity of an Fc polypeptide is glycoform engineering. As discussed,antibodies are post-translationally modified at position 297 of the Fcregion with a complex carbohydrate moiety. It is well known in the artthat this glycosylation plays a role in the functional fidelity of theFc region with respect to binding Fc ligands, particularly FcγRs andcomplement. It is also well established in the art that Fc polypeptidecompositions that comprise a mature core carbohydrate structure whichlacks fucose have improved FcγR affinity relative to compositions thatcomprise carbohydrate that is fucosylated (Umaña et al., 1999, NatBiotechnol 17:176-180; Davies et al., 2001, Biotechnol Bioeng74:288-294; Shields et al., 2002, J Biol Chem 277:26733-26740; Shinkawaet al., 2003, J Biol Chem 278:3466-3473): (U.S. Pat. No. 6,602,684; U.S.Ser. No. 10/277,370; U.S. Ser. No. 10/113,929; PCT WO 00/61739A1; PCT WO01/29246A1; PCT WO 02/31140A1; PCT WO 02/30954A1). However previousstudies have shown that although reduction of fucose content improvesthe affinity of an IgG for human FcγRIIIa, it has no effect on bindingto human FcγRI, either isoform (R131 or H131) of human FcγRIIa, or humanFcγRIIb (U.S. Ser. No. 10/277,370; Shields et al., 2002, J Biol Chem277(90):26733-26740). Recent experiments have determined that the highaffinity between glycoengineered antibodies and FcγRIII is mediated byproductive interactions formed between the receptor carbohydrateattached at Asn162 and regions of the Fc that are only accessible whenit is nonfucosylated. Because FcγRIIIa and FcγRIIIb are the only humanFc receptors glycosylated at this position, the proposed interactionsexplain the observed selective affinity increase of glycoengineeredantibodies for only these receptors (Ferrara et al., 2006, J Biol Chem281(8):5032-5036).

The data provided in Example 1 suggest that combination of glycoformengineering with FcγR selective amino acid modifications may provide Fcvariants with selectively improved affinity for one or more activatingreceptors relative to the inhibitory receptor FcγRIIb.

In order to explore whether amino acid modification would enable suchselective FcγR binding, we evaluated preferred amino acid substitutionsin the context of antibodies with reduced fucose content. The Lec13 cellline (Ripka et al. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 49:533-545 (1986)) wasutilized to express human antibodies with reduced fucose content. Lec 3refers to the lectin-resistant Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) mutant cellline which displays a defective fucose metabolism and therefore has adiminished ability to add fucose to complex carbohydrates. That cellline is described in Ripka & Stanley, 1986, Somatic Cell & Molec. Gen.12(1):51-62; and Ripka et al., 1986, Arch. Biochem. Biophys.249(2):533-545. Lec13 cells are believed lack the transcript forGDP-D-mannose-4,6-dehydratase, a key enzyme for fucose metabolism.Ohyama et al., 1988, J. Biol. Chem. 273(23):14582-14587.GDP-D-mannose-4,6-dehydratase generatesGDP-mannose-4-keto-6-D-deoxymannose from GDP-mannose, which is thenconverted by the FX protein to GDP-L-fucose. Expression of fucosylatedoligosaccharides is dependent on the GDP-L-fucose donor substrates andfucosyltransferase(s). The Lec13 CHO cell line is deficient in itsability to add fucose, but provides IgG with oligosaccharide which isotherwise similar to that found in normal CHO cell lines and from humanserum (Jefferis, R. et al., 1990, Biochem. J. 268, 529-537; Raju, S. etal., 2000, Glycobiology 10, 477-486; Routier, F. H., et al., 1997,Glycoconj. J. 14, 201-207). Normal CHO and HEK293 cells add fucose toIgG oligosaccharide to a high degree, typically from 80-98%, and IgGsfrom sera are also highly fucosylated (Jefferis, R. et al., 1990,Biochem. J. 268, 529-537; Raju, S. et al., 2000, Glycobiology 10,477-486; Routier, F. H., et al., 1997, Glycoconj. J. 14, 201-207;Shields et al., 2002, J Biol Chem 277(90):26733-26740). It is wellestablished that antibodies expressed in transfected Lec13 cellsconsistently produce about 10% fucosylated carbohydrate (Shields et al.,2002, J Biol Chem 277(90):26733-26740).

WT, G236A, and S239D/I332E variant anti-EpCAM antibodies were eachtransiently expressed in 293T and Lec13 cells and purified as describedabove. Binding affinity to human FcγRI, H131 FcγRIIa, R131 FcγRIIa,FcγRIIb, and V158 FcγRIIIa by Fc variant anti-EpCAM antibodies wasmeasured using the SPR experiment described above. FIG. 19 provides theequilibrium constants obtained from the fits of the SPR data for all ofthe receptors, as well as the calculated fold KD relative to WT and thenegative log of the KD (−log(KD). FIG. 20 provides a plot of thenegative log of the KD for binding of the antibodies to the set of humanFcγRs. The data confirm that reduced fucosylation provides an increasein affinity only for FcγRIIIa, and does not alter affinity for any ofthe other FcγRs. However combination of glycoengineering with asubstitution that selectively improves the FcγR affinity for FcγRIIarelative to FcγRIIb, in this case G236A, provides the optimal FcγRaffinity profile of selectively improved affinity for FcγRIIa andFcγRIIIa relative to the inhibitory receptor FcγRIIb. Given themacrophage phagocytosis and DC activation data provided above, thisnovel combination of glycoengineering and amino acid substitutions withselective FcγR affinity profiles has the potential for producing moreefficacious therapeutic antibodies than glycoengineering alone.

The use of the Lec13 cell line is not meant to limit the presentinvention to that particular mode of reducing fucose content. A varietyof other methods are known in the art for controlling the level offucosylated and/or bisecting oligosaccharides that are covalentlyattached to the Fc region, including but not limited to expression invarious organisms or cell lines, engineered or otherwise (for exampleLec13 CHO cells or rat hybridoma YB2/0 cells), regulation of enzymesinvolved in the glycosylation pathway (for example FUT8[α1,6-fucosyltranserase] and/or β1-4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III[GnTIII]), and modification of modifying carbohydrate(s) after the IgGhas been expressed (Umaña et al., 1999, Nat Biotechnol 17:176-180;Davies et al., 2001, Biotechnol Bioeng 74:288-294; Shields et al., 2002,J Biol Chem 277:26733-26740; Shinkawa et al., 2003, J Biol Chem278:3466-3473); (U.S. Pat. No. 6,602,684; U.S. Ser. No. 10/277,370; U.S.Ser. No. 10/113,929; PCT WO 00/61739A1; PCT WO 01/29246A1; PCT WO02/31140A1; PCT WO 02/30954A1).

Example 6 Additional Fc Variant Combinations

Substitutions were engineered in the context of the S239D, I332E, andS239D/I332E variants to explore additional Fc variants with optimizedFcγR binding properties. Variants were constructed with the variableregion of the anti-CD30 antibody H3.69_V2/L3.71 AC10 (SEQ IDs NO:7 andNO:8, FIGS. 27 g and 27 h) as disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 60/776,598,filed Feb. 24, 2006, entitled “Optimized anti-CD30 antibodies”, hereinexpressly incorporated by reference). Antibody variants were constructedin the IgG(hybrid) pcDNA3.1Zeo vector, expressed in 293T cells, andpurified as described above. Binding affinity to human FcγRs by Fcvariant anti-CD30 antibodies was measured using the competitionAlphaScreen assay as described above. FIG. 21 shows binding data forselect Fc variants to human V158 FcγRIIIa. FIG. 22 provides the FoldIC50's relative to WT for fits to these binding curves for all of theanti-CD30 antibody Fc variants tested.

Example 7 Mouse IgG Fc Variants with Optimized Affinity for Mouse FcγRs

The biological properties of antibodies and Fc fusions have been testedin in vivo models in order to measure a drug's efficacy for treatmentagainst a disease or disease model, or to measure a drug'spharmacokinetics, toxicity, and other properties. A common organism usedfor such studies is the mouse, including but not limited to nude mice,SCID mice, xenograft mice, and transgenic mice (including knockins andknockouts). Interpretation of the results from such studies is achallenge because mouse FcγRs different substantially from human FcγRsin their homology, their expression pattern on effector cells, and theirsignaling biology. FIG. 23 highlights some of these key differences.FIG. 23 a shows the putative expression patterns of different FcγRs onvarious effector cell types, and FIG. 23 b shows the % identity betweenthe human and mouse FcγR extracellular domains. Of particular importanceis the existence of FcγRIV, discovered originally as CD16-2 (Mechetinaet al., 2002, Immunogenetics 54:463-468) and renamed FcγRIV (Nimmerjahn& Ravetch, 2005, Science 310:1510-1512). FcγRIV is thought to be thetrue ortholog of human FcγRIIIa, and the two receptors are 64% identical(FIG. 23 b). However whereas human FcγRIIIa is expressed on NK cells,mouse FcγRIV is not. The receptor that is expressed on mouse NK cells isFcγRIII, which shows substantially lower homology to human FcγRIIIa(49%). Interestingly, mouse FcγRIII is 93% homologous to the mouseinhibitory receptor FcγRIIb, a pair that is potentially analogous tohuman FcγRIIa and FcγRIIb (93% identical). However the expressionpattern of mouse FcγRIII differs from that of human FcγRIIa.

These differences highlight the difficulties in interpreting resultsfrom in vivo experiments in mice using human antibodies when Fc receptorbiology may affect outcome. The most optimal human antibody in humanswith respect to FcγR-mediated effector function, widely viewed to be IgGt, likely does not have the optimal FcγR affinity profile for the murinereceptors. Accordingly, Fc variant antibodies having optimized affinityfor human Fc receptors may not provide optimal enhancements in mice, andthus may provide misleading results. The most optimal mouse FcγRaffinity profile is likely provided by the most naturally optimal mouseIgG or IgGs, for example mouse IgG2a and/or IgG2b. Accordingly,engineering of mouse IgGs for optimized affinity for mouse FcγRs mayprovide the most informative results in in vivo experiments. In this wayFc-optimized mouse IgGs may find use as surrogate Fc-optimizedantibodies in preclinical mouse models. The present invention providesmouse IgG antibodies optimized for binding to mouse FcγRs.

Fc substitutions were constructed in the context of mouse IgG t, mouseIgG2a, mouse IgG2b, and human IgG1 (FIG. 29). DNA encoding murine IgGswere obtained as IMAGE clones from the American Type Culture Collection(ATCC). Antibodies were constructed with the variable region of theanti-EGFR antibody H4.40/L3.32 C225 (SEQ IDs NO:3 and NO:4, FIGS. 27 cand 27 d) as disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 60/778,226, filed Mar. 2, 2006,entitled “Optimized anti-EGFR antibodies”, herein expressly incorporatedby reference). Antibody variants were constructed in the pcDNA3.1Zeovector, expressed in 293T cells, and purified as described above. FIG.24 lists the mouse and human IgG variants that were engineered.

Binding affinities to the murine activating receptors FcγRI, FcγRIII,and FcγRIV, and the murine inhibitory receptor FcγRIIb were measuredusing the SPR experiment described above. His-tagged murine FcγRs werepurchased commercially from R&D Systems. FIG. 25 shows equilibriumconstants obtained from the fits of the SPR data for the set of murineFcγRs. Also presented is the calculated fold KD relative to WT murineIgG2a, potentially the most potent natural murine IgG antibody withrespect to FcγR-mediated effector function (Hamaguchi et al., 2005, JImmunol 174: 4389-4399). FIG. 26 shows a plot of the negative log of theKD for binding of human and mouse anti-EGFR Fc variant antibodies tomouse Fc receptors FcγRI, FcγRIIb, FcγRIII, and FcγRIV. The variantsprovide remarkable enhancements in binding to the murine activatingreceptors, particularly FcγRIV, currently thought to be one of the mostrelevant receptors for mediating antibody-dependent effector functionsin murine xencograft models (Nimmerjahn & Ravetch, 2005, Science310:1510-t512). The results indicate that the FcγR-binding properties ofthe murine IgGs can be improved using the Fc variants of the presentinvention, and thus may provide utility for preclinical testing ofantibodies and Fc fusions that comprise Fc variants with optimized Fcreceptor binding properties.

All cited references are herein expressly incorporated by reference intheir entirety.

Whereas particular embodiments of the invention have been describedabove for purposes of illustration, it will be appreciated by thoseskilled in the art that numerous variations of the details may be madewithout departing from the invention as described in the appendedclaims.

1. An Fc variant of a parent Fc polypeptide comprising at least a firstand a second substitution, said first and second substitutions each at aposition selected from group consisting of 234, 235, 236, 239, 267, 268,293, 295, 324, 327, 328, 330, and 332, wherein said Fc variant exhibitsan increase in affinity for one or more receptors selected from thegroup consisting of FcγRI, FcγRIIa, and FcγRIIIa as compared to theincrease in a affinity of said Fc variant for the FcγRIIb receptor,wherein the numbering is according to the EU index and wherein saidincreases in affinities are relative to said parent polypeptide.
 2. AnFc variant according to claim 1, wherein at least one of saidsubstitutions is selected from the group consisting of 234G, 234I, 235D,235E, 235I, 235Y, 236A, 236S, 239D, 267D, 267E, 267Q, 268D, 268E, 293R,295E, 324G, 324I, 327H, 328A, 328F, 328I, 330I, 330L, 330Y, 332D, and332E.
 3. An Fc variant according to claim 2, wherein said first andsecond substitutions are each selected from the group consisting of234G, 234I, 235D, 235E, 235I, 235Y, 236A, 236S, 239D, 267D, 267E, 267Q,268D, 268E, 293R, 295E, 324G, 324I, 327H, 328A, 328F, 328I, 330I, 330L,330Y, 332D, and 332E.
 4. An Fc variant according to claim 1, whereinsaid Fc polypeptide further has increased affinity for FcγRI relative tothe parent Fc polypeptide.
 5. An antibody or Fc fusion comprising an Fcvariant according to claim
 1. 6. An Fc variant according to claim 1,wherein said modification is a reduced level of fucosylation relative tosaid parent Fc variant.
 7. An Fc variant according to claim 1, whereinsaid Fc variant mediates improved phagocytosis by FcγRIIa expressingcells relative to said parent Fc polypeptide.
 8. A compositioncomprising the Fc variant of claim 1, wherein said Fc variant comprisesa glycosylated Fc region, wherein about 80-100% of the glycosylated Fcpolypeptide in the composition comprises a mature core carbohydratestructure with no fucose.
 9. An Fc variant of a parent Fc polypeptidecomprising at least a first and a second substitution, said first andsecond substitutions each at a position selected from group consistingof 234, 235, 236, 239, 267, 268, 293, 295, 324, 327, 328, 330, and 332,wherein said Fc variant exhibits an increase in a affinity of said Fcvariant for the FcγRIIb receptor as compared to the increase in affinityfor one or more receptors selected from the group consisting of FcγRI,FcγRIIa, and FcγRIIIa, wherein the numbering is according to the EUindex and wherein said increases in affinities are relative to saidparent polypeptide.
 10. An Fc variant according to claim 9, wherein atleast one of said first and second substitutions is selected from thegroup consisting of 236A, 236S, 239D, 267D, 267E, 267Q, 268D, 268E,293R, 295E, 324G, 324I, 327H, 328A, 328F, 330I, 330L, 330Y, 332D, and332E.
 11. An Fc variant according to claim 10, wherein each of saidfirst and second substitutions is selected from the group consisting of236A, 236S, 239D, 267D, 267E, 267Q, 268D, 268E, 293R, 295E, 324G, 324I,327H, 328A, 328F, 330I, 330L, 330Y, 332D, and 332E.
 12. An Fc variantcomprising a first substitution at a position selected from the groupconsisting of 234, 235, 236, 239, 267, 268, 293, 295, 324, 327, 328,330, and 332, and a second substitution selected from the groupconsisting of 247L, 255L, 270E, 280H, 280Q, 280Y, 298A, 298T, 392T,396L, 326A, 326D, 326E, 326W, 333A, 334A, 334L, and 421K.
 13. The Fcvariant according to claim 12, said substitution comprising at least twoamino acids positions selected from the group consisting of 235, 236,237, 238, 239, 265, 266, 267, 269, 270, 295, 296, 298, 299, 325, 326,327, 328, 329, 330, and
 332. 14. An Fc variant comprising a firstsubstitution at a position selected from the group consisting of 239 and332, and a second substitution at a position selected from the groupconsisting of 233, 234, 241, 264, 265, 268, 328, 333 and
 334. 15. An Fcvariant according to claim 14 further comprising a substitution atposition 239 and position
 332. 16. An Fc variant according to claim 14,wherein said first substitution is selected from the group consisting of239D and 332E.
 17. An Fc variant according to claim 14, wherein saidsecond substitution is selected from the group consisting of 233H, 234K,241H, 241Q, 241R, 264T, 265N, 265K, 265H, 265Q, 265G, 265S, 265L, 268E,328K, 333T, 333H, and 334R.
 18. A method of activating an receptorselected from the group consisting of FcγRI, FcγRIIa, and FcγRIIIarelative to FcγRIIb receptor, said method comprising contacting a cellcomprising a receptor selected from the group consisting of FcγRI,FcγRIIa, and FcγRIIIa with an Fc variant according to claim
 1. 19. Amethod of activating an FcγRIIb receptor relative to a receptor selectedfrom the group consisting of FcγRI, FcγRIIa, and FcγRIIIa, said methodcomprising contacting a cell comprising a receptor selected from thegroup consisting of FcγRI, FcγRIIa, and FcγRIIIa with an Fc variantaccording to claim
 9. 20. An Fc variant of a parent mouse Fcpolypeptide, said Fc variant comprising a substitution at a positionselected from the group consisting of 236, 239, 268, 330, and
 332. 21.An Fc variant according to claim 19, wherein said substitution isselected from the group consisting of 236A, 239D, 268E, 330Y, and 332E.